66 million years ago, an asteroid smashed into Earth and caused a mass extinction, including nearly all of the dinosaurs.

What would we do if another extinction level asteroid was heading to Earth? The good news is we’re monitoring the skies to identify them early. And there are some incredible strategies for managing high risk objects, and we look at a dramatic test from 2022.

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Particle physicist and author Dr. Sarah Alam Malik stops by for an expansive conversation about astronomy, the history of scientific discovery, and our endless fascination with the night sky. In her new book, A Brief History of the Universe, And Our Place in It, Dr. Sarah explores how our understanding of the cosmos has evolved from ancient observers tracking the stars, through the revolutionary ideas of Copernicus and Newton, to modern discoveries about dark matter and the origins of the universe itself.

Why do humans feel compelled to explore? What does it mean to confront the scale of the universe, and how can astronomy change the way we see ourselves here on Earth. Dr. Sarah also reflects on her own path into physics, the moments of awe that still stay with her, and the discoveries she hopes for in the coming decades.

This is a conversation about curiosity, perspective, and the incredible human need to understand where we came from, and what the distant future of the universe might hold.

Check out A Brief History of the Universe at Harper Collins (USA)

Check out A Brief History of the Universe at Simon & Schuster (UK)

Check out A Brief History of the Universe at Simon & Schuster (Australia)

sarahalammalik.com

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Artemis 2 was was a breathtaking moment for us all. We were mesmerised by the four astronauts and the images they sent back to Earth. But so much lies ahead, and that’s the really exciting part. 

Artemis 3 will orbit the Earth and try out some of the equipment and manoeuvres that we just can’t test on Earth.

Artemis 4 will be truly amazing. That’s the mission that’s going to take people back to the surface of the Moon for the first time since 1972.

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Chris Stockdale is an award winning astronomer in the Gippsland area of Australia. His contribution to NASA's exoplanet research earned him the Berenice and Arthur Page Medal from the Astronomical Society of Australia. And he's an amateur. 

Chris uses an observatory in his own backyard to monitor candidate stars from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and studies their brightness over time. If the light dims by as little as half a percent, he's found another exoplanet, a planet that orbits a star in another part of the galaxy.

His exoplanet data also helps guide the James Webb Space Telescope, 1.5million km away in solar orbit. Incredible!

We had a chat with him about his observatory, NASA's TESS program, and some of the most fascinating planets in the solar system

We instinctively think of planets as rocky or gaseous bodies orbiting a star like our sun, with sunrise, sunset, heating and maybe even seasons. But what if a planet didn't orbit a light source? What if it just floated through space vaguely orbiting the centre of the galaxy, but tugged this way and that way by nearby stars and stellar systems. These are rogue planets. No sunrise, no sunset, no heat from an outside source. Just starlight and blackness as it wandered aimlessly through lonely interstellar space. And they just might be the most common type of planet in our galaxy.

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Most people have looked to the skies and wondered if the universe has a boundary, or maybe it goes on for ever. The universe might be finite, with and end somewhere. Or, it might be infinite, with an infinite amount of space and matter. Both of thos throw up some mind bending questions, and maybe even real life duplicates of ourselves. Problem is, we would never be able to observe them, or even test for their presence, or even know if they exist. So does it matter?

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The launch window for Artemis II opens on 6 February 2026. Humans will fly a test mission, swinging around the far side of the moon for the first time since Apollo 17 in 1972. There won’t be a landing, but just like Apollo 8 tested systems in the lunar vicinity before Apollo 11, Artemis II will test the modern systems under the same conditions the landing missions. There will be a crew of 4 including the first person of colour, the first woman and the first non American to fly beyond low Earth orbit. It really is a historic flight in so many ways.

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The Moon has a history longer than any of the features on Earth, but it isn’t as old as Earth. The Giant Impact hypothesis says that a Mars sized protoplanet collided with earth Billions of years ago and threw out enough of earth’s mantle to make the Moon. It’s an incredible story, and it might just have been the luckiest thing that ever happened for us. Without the Moon, life as we know it might never have existed.

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As the year winds down, let’s take a look at what the night sky has on offer in December 2025. The highlight has to be the Geminid Meteor Shower. Over a couple of nights this month, Earth crashes through the debris trail of asteroid 3200 Phaethon, producing a spectacular meteor shower. There’s a Supermoon in close proximity to the Pleiades star cluster, and we say goodbye to an interstellar traveller in 3I/ATLAS.

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We’ve detected many exoplanets and exoplanetary stems, they orbit stars in other parts of the galaxy. These planets form the same way our planetary did, they coalesce from a protoplanetary disc of gas and dust. Scientists have recently found a useful kind of substance - heavy water in one of these protoplanetary discs, and it’s told us a lot about how water might end up in planetary systems.

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A billion light years away, a billion years ago, two black holes spiralled toward each other and collided, we detected its gravitational waves in January 2025. We’ve detected many of these before, but this one was different. It was such a strong, clear signal that we could test laws of physics that had been proposed many decades earlier. It even put Einstein to the test.

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In 1975, an incredible and unlikely partnership resulted in the docking of a NASA Apollo capsule and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft in Earth orbit. The cold war opponents worked together to overcome not only engineering challenges, but the rivalry and suspicion of the cold war. 

This cooperation led to the Shuttle-Mir program in the 90s and the present day International space station. They all began with the spirit of cooperation from Apollo-Soyuz.

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Earth’s days had been getting longer since observations began. Every century, the length of the day would increase by about two milliseconds. Like… clockwork. In recent years, something strange has been happening, the days have started getting shorter as the rotation of the Earth has been speeding up. Even more strangely, we don’t really understand why.

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An Australian team of botanists and engineers are working on a project that might make or break the future of long term, long distance space occupation. They're growing plants. Not that unusual, but they're trying to grow them on the Moon. Plants produce oxygen and they are food, essential elements of living away from Earth.

Let's check out the plan to experiment with germinating seeds in shoebox sized 'lunariums' on the Moon within the next 12 months.

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Kosmos 482, was a Soviet spacecraft launched in 1972 on a mission to Venus, but a technical glitch meant it never made it past Earth orbit. Designed to withstand the hellish surface of Venus, its lander remained in space for over 50 years, but this relic of Cold War space exploration has finally returned, re-entering Earth’s atmosphere decades after its failed journey. Though the mission never reached Venus, Kosmos 482’s dramatic, delayed descent closes a half-century chapter in space history.

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No need to panic. Yet! We’ll be fine for the next 4 or 5 billion years, but Andromeda is heading our way. The Andromeda Galaxy was the first object to be identified as being outside our own galaxy, and it introduced us to extragalactic astronomy. And that’s not all. It can teach us more about dark matter and it could be home to billions of planets.

It’s a very cool neighbour, but one day - it’s kinda going to move in!

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Their planned 8 day visit to the International Space Station was turned on its head when NASA announced their Boeing Starliner capsule was unsafe to use. What did Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore do for those 9 months? And we check out the plan that was put together to get them home safely.

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After everything learned through Mercury and Gemini culminated in the seventeen Apollo missions. The first ten were all testing and rehearsals, but the whole program, and a whole era was characterised by Apollo 11, the first time humans set foot on the moon. Along with the triumph, there was tragedy and a very near miss, and one of the most underrated aspects of NASA's space program - the lunar roving vehicles that let the astronauts explore more than seven kilometres from the Lunar Module.

This really was one of the most remarkable endeavours of science, engineering and teamwork. Let's dive in.

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Nasa had accomplished spaceflight with Project Mercury but the gap to Apollo was still huge. How do you dock two spacecraft in flight and how do crews live in a tiny spacecraft for lunar length flights. These are just a couple of the questions that NASA needed to answer. Gemini was just the project to resolve all of these issues. It was a proving ground, for learning, testing and practicing the skills needed for lunar missions. Gemini wasn't the first program to accomplish spaceflight, and it didn't include the most well known achievements, but it was a formidable project in its own right. Let's check it out. 

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Back in the late 1950s, NASA was formed. Its first job was to put together a human crewed spaceflight program and put an astronaut into orbit - safely. This was Project Mercury. There were some uncrewed developmental flights and then six crewed flights between 1961 and 1963, this was an enormously significant step toward the Apollo moon landings just six years later.

So who were the Mercury astronauts and what was the mission profile of these first six crewed spaceflights?

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Project Mercury was NASA’s first attempt at human crewed space flight. It sent Alan Shepard into space, and John Glenn into orbit, among four other landmark flights over 5 years. By 1963 it was done, and NASA was ready to launch Gemini, its next project. But being such a groundbreaking project, in 1964 NASA paid tribute to Mercury with a four metre high stainless steel monument with a time capsule that would remain sealed beneath it until the year 2464, five centuries later. 

What was so significant about Mercury? And what’s inside this time capsule? We could wait another 440 years, or just listen!

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When Yuri Gagarin blasted into orbit in 1961 to become the first human in space, he was already 14 years behind the first animals from Earth. The fruit flies that were flew to space in 1947 were just the first of many different animals in the decade and a half before Gagarin’s orbital flight that were used to test equipment and living things’ capacity to survive and work in weightlessness. There were primates, dogs, mice and rabbits that crewed orbital and suborbital test flights. And the animal parade didn’t end when humans launched themselves to space, frogs, fish, spiders, chimpanzees, a cat and of course guinea pigs all played a role in advancing the space program. 

One very famous space animal has her own statue. 

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Earth has a new moon! well, for about 8 weeks anyway. Asteroid 2024 PT5 has been captured by Earth’s gravity and will be in orbit until late November 2024. This is really unusual and there have only been a few confirmed mini moons in the past. Our new temporary neighbour is only about 11 metres across and won’t be visible to anyone who doesn’t have a professional large-scale telescope, but we’ll know it’s there! and although it will only stay for about 2 months, 2024 PT5 will be back again in 2055.

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Boeing’s Starliner space capsule blasted off for its first crewed test flight in early June. Great news right? Turns out, no. After arriving at the International Space Station, some technical problems meant that it couldn’t be used to take its crew of Barry ‘Butch’ Wilmore and Suni Williams back to Earth. The two astronauts were left with no way to get home. 

The two capsules already docked at the space station couldn’t be used, so the astronauts were stranded. 

Let’s find out what happened to Starliner, why couldn’t the other capsules be used, and how are the Starliner crew going to get home?

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NASA's Curiosity rover touched down on Mars in August 2012, and it's been exploring the Red Planet all that time. There have been some amazing discoveries and it's travelled over 30km but it has just made the most scientifically significant discovery of its 12 year career, and did it simply by running over a rock! One of Curiosity's wheels crushed a rock. It had looked just like any other orange martian rock, but when it shattered under Curiosity's wheels, it revealed breathtaking yellowish green crystals inside, that turned out to pure sulphur. Unheard of on the Red Planet. Let's check it out!

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As I write this, just a couple of days have passed since the Chang'e 6 sample return capsule touched down with its historic payload. The first sample of rock and soil from the far side of the moon touched down on Earth. This has the potential to unlock some of the secrets from the side of the moon that we never see from Earth, why is the lunar crust thicker? Why are there fewer 'seas' on the far side? And what lies beneath the lunar crust?
All of this against the background of a surface operation out of direct communication from Earth. Incredible!

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In September 2023, Greg Brennecka stopped by to preview the return to Earth of the OSIRI-REx asteroid Bennu sample return capsule. The sample landed safely and the mission scientists like Greg Brennecka have started their analysis. Some of our toughest questions are being answered by the data already. How old is Bennu? Is there organic material? Where was the asteroid formed? Is Bennu different from what we expected?
But hasn't been all smooth sailing. The mission team had to go into full innovation mode to overcome some early difficulties.
And we've only just begun!
Listen in to this fascinating chat with Greg.

Check out Greg's book Impact here.

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Titan. The largest moon in the Saturnian system has been a candidate as a habitable world ever since NASA’s Cassini mission sent back the first radar images of its surface in 2004. Astrobiologist Dr. Catherine Neish of Western University in Canada has spent years studying Titan, and has just published a study on the habitability of Titan. Catherine joins us to step through the findings, what is needed for life? Is there enough of it on Titan? And does it all come together?

Read Ralph Lorez's paper Titan Under a Red Giant Sun: Anew Kind of Habitable Moon

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Space and cosmology throws up some strange effects sometimes, none stranger than spaghettification. Stephen Hawking coined the term for the stretching out that happens when you get close to a black hole. Let's take a look at what it really is, how it works, and if we should have anything to fear from spaghettification...

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Houston-based aerospace company Intuitive Machines produced the first private mission to land on the moon. The Odysseus lander is just 300 km from the lunar south pole, investigating water ice and demonstrating the capabilities of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services program (CLPS).

But space is difficult and not many projects go perfectly first time. Is Odysseus ok? Let’s find out!

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So we pollute the upper atmosphere with rocket exhaust, is it worth the benefits of communications satellites and GPS? What about space junk? the garbage of earth orbit. Or mining asteroids? who owns the asteroids, can should they be able to sell the minerals asteroids provide?
These are questions that would never have been asked before space travel became as regular as it has today. Let's take a look at this new way of thinking about our responsibilities in space.

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Apollo 8 orbited the Moon in December 1968, seven months before the first moon landing. Even though Apollo 8 never landed on the Moon, it did produce one of the most iconic photographs of the Apollo program, the Earthrise photograph. Astronaut Bill Anders snapped a colour picture of the Earth rising over the lunar horizon as the capsule orbited the Moon.
But what makes this picture so iconic? And why did we nearly miss out on it. Let's dive in!

Check out the Earthrise photograph

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In the news lately, you might have seen reports that the rings of Saturn are going to disappear from view. What could make that happen? And will they come back? Let’s check out what’s going on with the most spectacular feature in our solar system. 

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Photographing the night sky is a completely different technique to photographing almost anything else. There's hardly any light, the objects are tiny and they move! It's really difficult. We've all given it a go and been disappointed, but how do they get the incredible pictures we see on the internet and on TV, and how can normal spacefans like us take a night sky picture?

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India’s Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft, with the Vikram lander and Pragyan rover have landed in the south polar region of the moon. Some craters in this region are permanently shaded from the blazing sun and can have water ice at the base of these lunar craters. 

India became only the fourth nation to successfully soft-land a spacecraft on the moon, and the first to successfully land a spacecraft in the moon’s south pole region. It’s an incredible story!

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Cosmic Coffee Time’s resident space rock expert and NASA mission scientist Greg Brennecka is back again to preview the return to Earth of NASA’s incredible OSIRIS-REx mission. OSIRIS-REx is coming to the end of an epic seven year journey to collect a rock and soil sample from asteroid Bennu. Greg is a mission scientist on OSIRIS-REx and will be doing analysis on the Bennu sample in his own lab. It’s breathtakingly rare to get a pristine sample from an asteroid in another part of the solar system, and Greg shares with us the plans for this sample and what this 60 gram sample of asteroid could teach us. 

• If you want to learn more about rocks from space, check out Greg's book 'Impact' at Harper Collins here

 
 
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Around 80% of the human made objects in orbit are mission left overs. Some of it is real junk, but some of it has an incredible story to tell. What relics from the early space age are held in safe storage in orbit? How does the accumulation of space junk affect mission planning, and how are we going to keep space safer from impacts in the future? You’ll never guess how we rediscovered some space hardware from an early moon mission!

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Around the 21st of June every year is the June solstice. We might know that it’s the longest or shortest day of the year – depending on which hemisphere you’re in, but why does that happen? And we know of the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, but how does the solstice define them? Same with the Arctic and Antarctic circles. Does it fall on the same date each year? Well almost, but it does take some clever human manipulation of the calendar to keep it that way.

 
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Ask an eastern Australian about the Southern Aurora, and they might think you’re talking about the old overnight express train between Sydney and Melbourne. But! The train was named after the spectacular light show in the southern sky. The Aurora Australis to use the phenomenon’s correct name, and its northern equivalent the Aurora Borealis or Northern lights have a fascinating astronomical cause. And the nature of the Aurora remained a mystery until the 20th century, despite being documented for thousands of years. Let’s take a look!
 
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In 2021, NASA announced the VERITAS mission to Venus, NASA’s first voyage to Earth’s twin planet since the early 90’s. Things haven’t gone completely to plan for this project, but one thing VERITAS has already accomplished, it got scientists reviewing data from previous missions, and what they found was truly incredible. And all without leaving the ground.
 
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Our favourite space rock expert Greg Brennecka joins us to talk about the amazing Hayabusa2 mission, the sample return mission to asteroid Ryugu by Japanese space agency JAXA. Greg and his colleagues have been analysing the sample and some of the findings are incredible.
What does Ryugu tell us about the early solar system? What do we learn about water on bodies like asteroids? and could Ryugu be carrying enough of the building blocks of life to potentially populate another habitable planet?

It's a fascinating chat.


 If you want to learn more about rocks from space, check out Greg's book 'Impact' at Harper Collins here

See Hayabusa2's touch and go sample collection on Ryugu https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xnInpqMiG4

Hayabusa2 landed back on Earth at the Woomera Rocket Range in South Australia, December 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ek1MRUbJSo8
 

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Recently, we took a look at GPS and the space science that makes it work. This time, we're going back to an era when navigators had nothing but their equipment and the stars to tell them where they were, even on the open ocean.
Celestial navigation combined the sextant, almanac and chronometer to make a reliable navigation system that just needed one other thing, the sun and the stars... And some handy astronomical knowledge!
 
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In 1978, NASA changed the rules around who could be selected as an astronaut. Civilian engineers, doctors and scientists could be selected to fly on the then brand new space shuttle. Meredith Bagby joins us to talk about this group, whose social backgrounds were as diverse as their professions. For the first time, the group included women and people of colour.
There were triumphs with astronauts like Sally Ride and Greg Bluford, and tragedy when four of this talented group were lost in the Challenger disaster.

This is a compelling insight from Meredith, who had access to five astronauts from this historic class.

Find Meredith Bagby's book The New Guys here 

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We all love GPS. The Global Positioning System helps us navigate across country and across town, and it also shows us where our rideshare car is, or how far away our food delivery driver is. Take a look at what space science makes it work, and why it can still provide your coordinates even if you're miles away from any phone or data signal or Wi-Fi.
 
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Friend of Cosmic Coffee Time and expert meteoriticist Greg Brennecka returns to talk about the breathtaking detection of a new meteorite impact on Mars. Greg tells us how the impact was detected, and then confirmed with detailed imagery from Mars orbit. What does this tell us about the subsurface geology of Mars, and what does it mean for astrobiology and the future exploration of Mars and beyond?

It's a fascinating chat.

Find Greg's book 'Impact' at Harper Collins here

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Caroline Herschel is probably best known as the sister of William Herschel, the person credited with the discovery of planet Uranus, but there's a lot more to her than this. Caroline was a great astronomer in her own right, having made numerous discoveries using telescopes she helped make herself. She was also an outstanding musician and was the first female professional astronomer in the world, and was recognised with the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Caroline Herschel achieved all this despite the life long effects of a significant childhood illness.
Quite an incredible person.
 
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For a long time we speculated that there might have been earthquakes on the moon, we call them moonquakes. How did we eventually detect them, and what makes them so different from earthquakes?
Let's take a look and figure out what's going on there.

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Expert meteoriticist and friend of Cosmic Coffee Time Greg Brennecka returns to talk about an exciting development in the meteorite impact scene, the Nadir crater. This newly discovered undersea structure off the coast of Guinea in western Africa is a proposed meteorite impact site. How was this discovered? when did the impact happen and how do we know if the impactor hit land or sea.
It's a fascinating chat.

Find Greg's book 'Impact' at Harper Collins here

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NASA is planning to fly a drone in the atmosphere of the second largest natural satellite in the solar system, Saturn's Titan. What is that drone going to look like, how is it going to get there and what sort of science is it going to do when it gets there?
It's an audacious project, and we take a look here.

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Scientists have long held a theory that there was a black hole in the centre of our milky way galaxy. This was proved some years ago but we've finally got an image of it from real observational data. It's a fascinating story.
Let's take a closer look.

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Sunspots are darker and cooler areas on the surface of the sun. What causes them? How long do they last? And how do they fit into the 11 year cycle of solar activity?
Let's take a look.

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You might have heard of pulsars. They're objects that emit regular pulses of radiation. But what are they, how do they form, and what makes them pulse?

Let's take a look.

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Galileo Galilei Made some incredible observations of the moon and was a real pioneer in calculating the height of some of the moon's geological features. In 1610 he turned the world of planetary astronomy on its head. He described the phases of Venus, came agonisingly close to discovering the true nature of Saturn's rings, and studied what became to be his namesake system, the four Galilean moons of Jupiter.

Let's take a look.

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As many as 80% of the stars we see in the night sky could be part of a binary system, two or more stars orbiting each other.
So what it a binary system and how can we observe them? We know single stars like our own sun can have a system of planets, but what does that look like for stars in a binary system.

Let's take a look.

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Until the Apollo moon landings, our only samples of material from space were in the form of meteorites. These meteorites gave us an insight into the origins of our solar system, and might even have provided the complex organic molecules that allowed life to develop on our planet. 

In this episode we have an awesome chat with noted meteoriticist Greg Brennecka. We explore some of the history of meteorite research, the origins of life on Earth and the free samples of Mars rock that arrived on Earth in the form of meteorites. Greg also gives us a highlights package from his new book 'Impact, How Rocks From Space Led to Life, Culture, and Donkey Kong'.

Meteorites might have brought the ingredients of life to Earth, but they've caused some mass extinctions as well. "...the meteorites giveth, and the meteorites taketh away." This is a fascinating insight.

Find Greg's book 'Impact' here

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From Mars rovers that were the size of a microwave oven back in the 90s, we now have the Perseverance rover that's the size of a car. And a helicopter.
We take a look at the amazing Mars 2020 project that is taking Mars exploration to the next level.  It's collecting samples for future return to Earth and the Ingenuity helicopter is flying through the Martian atmosphere - carrying a small piece of cloth from the Wright brothers' plane.

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There's a strange gap between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, a gap where Bode's law says we would expect the fifth planet to be. There's no planet there, but there's something else that's just as amazing, it's the asteroid belt. Let's take a look at the four main asteroids and see what makes up the other million identified objects.

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Voyager 1 took the famous photograph the Pale Blue Dot. It's the furthest travelled machine ever made by people. At 23 billion km, it takes nearly a full day for its radio signals to reach us.
Voyager 2 toured all of the gas planets in our solar system and remains the only spacecraft to have visited Uranus and Neptune.
But it gets even better. Both of these 1970s tech spacecraft are still operating in interstellar space and sending data back to earth.

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Neptune. Something was perturbing Uranus' orbit, turns out it was the eighth planet, Neptune. Neptune was the first planet to have its existence and position calculated before it was discovered. Let's take a look at Neptune and its major moon Triton.

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Uranus. Stop giggling, is the first planet to be discovered by telescope. The inner planets have always been known about, but Uranus need to wait until the telescope was invented.
Let's take a closer look.

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Jupiter is the first of the gas giant planets. Let's take a look at what makes these planets different from the inner planets. It has a fascinating set of moons that help make up the Jovian system, and we find out how it subtle set of planetary rings were discovered.

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How do you keep a chemistry class's attention in the age of smart phones? Explosions, loud noises and passion! That's how Kate the Chemist does it. Dr. Kate Biberdorf is a professor of chemistry at the University of Texas and she's a science entertainer. She amazed Stephen Colbert with the elephant's toothpaste experiment on Late Night, and blasted a thousand ping pong balls into the air on the Kelly Clarkson Show.

She took a break from exploding hydrogen balloons and breathing fire to have an awesome chat with us about her STEM army, firing up kids' imaginations with science and exploding a few myths about women in STEM. Her new book It's Elemental reveals the hidden science in everyday life.

Check out It's Elemental here - harpercollins.com/products/its-elemental-kate-biberdorf?variant=39307415388194

Kate's website - katethechemist.com

We have a great chat with Earl Swift about NASA's lunar rovers and his new book Across the Airless Wilds. It's a fascinating dive into the last three moon landings and what could be regarded as the pinnacle of human exploration.
Earl recounts his time with astronauts Charlie Duke and Dave Scott, and Laszlo Kestay from the United States Geological Survey, and gives us some incredible insights into the the design process of the lunar rovers and their place in the history of exploration.

Earl's website is: earlswift.com

Watch the lunar rover in action on the moon - the Lunar Grand Prix film: youtube.com/watch?v=az9nFrnCK60

Find Across the Airless Wilds: harpercollins.com/products/across-the-airless-wilds-earl-swift?variant=32915592249378 

There's a lot about Mars that is very Earth-like, from the length of a day to the kinds of seasons it has. Being a neighbouring planet, it's no surprise that we talk about sending astronauts to Mars. 
While we're waiting, let's take a look at some of the super cool spacecraft that have already been to Mars.

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Earth. It's home to every living thing we've ever known, but what if we really take a step back and study our planet the same way we study the others. What everyday events have an astronomical cause. And what about all that water, and all that life!

Grab a coffee and join us for a view of our own planet, from outside.

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Planet Venus is sometimes called Earth's twin. It's the same size and in planetary terms it's close by, but why isn't it our first choice for exploration? Some of the differences make Venus super difficult to study so in a way it remains mysterious. 
Why is it difficult to study? And what makes the environment on Venus so harsh?
Grab a coffee and join us as we unravel the mystery and take a closer look.

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We don't get to hear much about planet Mercury. It took us a long time to learn much about it and only two spacecraft have ever been there.
Let's take a look at some of the little known but fascinating facts about Mercury's history, why it has the longest day in the solar system and what we've learned from lonely pair of spacecraft that have visited it.  

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So back in the 1930's, astronomers noticed that there didn't seem to be enough mass in galactic clusters to hold them together, but they were held together. There mas be some additional mass and gravity to hold everything together, but where is it? It can't be seen. And this problem produced the theory of dark matter. 

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Join us for a discussion with David W. Brown about his new book The Mission, the true story of NASA's bold Europa Clipper mission and the search for signs of life on Jupiter's icy ocean moon Europa.
David tells us about the incredibly diverse team that put this project together,  why Europa is the most likely place in the solar system to find signs of extraterrestrial life, and why we might just be living in the golden age of space exploration.

David's website: davidwbrown.com

Find David's book, The Mission: harpercollins.com/products/the-mission-david-w-brown?variant=32126580064290

So way back in the 90s, NASA launched the bus-sized Hubble Space Telescope into orbit. But it had a huge problem, it couldn't focus the light from space as well as it should have.

What went wrong? And how did NASA fix it, so it could stay in service for thirty years?

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Meteors, they're not falling stars, but what are they? Where do these objects come from and why do they 'burn up' in the atmosphere? And what's the difference between a meteor and a meteorite?

We also take a quick look at some of the most famous meteor incidents in history.

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Let's take a closer look at the Sun - but not literally. How does it it produce so much energy and why can it do this for billions and billions of years? It's the source of practically all light and heat on Earth, so it's cool to know.

What does the future hold for the Sun? How much longer could it support life on Earth?
Let's find out

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We've had a look at the history of human lunar exploration, but this time we're going to look to the future. We're going back to the moon with project Artemis. Apollo was great, but that was 50 years ago. How are we doing it this time? It will be more flexible and more sustainable.
Let's take a look at what's in store for human lunar exploration over the next decade.
 
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We love the moon. Sometimes we just step outside and it's there waiting for us. There's so much to explore with the moon, we're taking a few episodes to get right into it. Here's part 4.
Let's continue our look at the exploration of the moon, this time it's the Apollo missions. It's incredible that people have been to the moon, and almost as unbelievable that Apollo was 50 years ago.
 
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There's so much to explore with the moon. It's our little companion in space, like our next door neighbour. We're going to take a few episodes to get right into it. Here's part 3.
Let's take a look at the exploration of the moon, not the Apollo missions, we'll save those for another episode, but the vitally important but sometimes forgotten uncrewed missions that came befor Apollo. The Russion Luna program, and NASA's Ranger and Surveyor programs that paved the way to the moon before Armstrong and Aldrin.
 
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There's so much to explore with the moon. It's our little companion in space, like our next door neighbour. We're going to take a few episodes to get right into it. Here's part 2.
Why do all full moons look the same? And what's with the tides, they're caused by the moon right?
Get comfy, grab a coffee in your favourite reusable cup, and check it out.
 
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There's so much to explore with the moon. It's our little companion in space, like our next door neighbour. We're going to take a few episodes to get right into it. Here's part 1.

Get comfy, grab a coffee in your favourite reusable cup, and check it out.
 
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It's Cosmic Coffee Time's first birthday, and what better way to celebrate than with a quadruple episode exploring the four Galilean moons of Jupiter. Explore the vastly different landscapes of four totally unique and fascinating bodies. What are they really like? And check out how unique they all are.
 
  Get comfy, grab a coffee in your favourite reusable cup, and check it out. We might add a slice of birthday cake too.
 
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Ever since we started using radio to communicate on Earth, we've wondered if we could use it to communicate with other civilizations in different parts of the galaxy. But it seems the harder we look, the less we find. What is SETI? Are we really alone? Let's take a look. 
 
 Get comfy, grab a coffee in your favourite reusable cup, and check it out.
 
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So an asteroid fell from space and caused a mass extinction of the dinosaurs. But where is the crater? We know impacts have left craters on the moon, earth, and other planets, But have we found one big enough to have been caused by the dinosaur asteroid?
 
 Get comfy, grab a coffee in your favourite reusable cup, and check it out.
 
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Halley's Comet comes around once every 76 years. You might have missed its last visit in 1986, but it'll be back in around 40 years...
What is a comet? Why do a lot of people really only know about Halley's? and how did we learn a whole lot more about another comet a few years ago. Who remembers the gutsy little comet lander called Philae?

Get comfy, grab a coffee in your favourite reusable cup, and check it out.

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So Einstein's theory of general relativity predicted black holes, or more specifically, that gravity could warp spacetime. But how could we prove it? Here's a ripping yarn about some astronomers who travelled across the world in 1922 to test Einstein's theory during a solar eclipse in far north western Australia.

Get comfy, grab a coffee in your favourite reusable cup, and check it out.

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We love our Earth, (and we love our coffee), we love all the planets in our solar system. But what if I told you that some of the stars you see at night, have their own planets? They're squillions of miles away, some of them are pretty weird, and some of them might be able to support life.
Grab a coffee in your favourite reusable cup, and check it out.

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Sometimes your favourite coffee cup leaves a ring on the table, or on that important document! But rings that you're always happy to see are the ones around Saturn. Saturn with its system of rings is arguably the most spectacular sight in the solar system. So what is it like to see Saturn with your own eyes? how was its system of rings discovered? and what are we doing to learn about Saturn now?
Get comfortable with your favourite coffee and let's take a closer look.

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So many questions about the International Space Station. What do the astronauts do in their free time? Why did they do that twin study? But coolest of all, how do I see the International Space Station from my back yard?
Grab a coffee, and let's take a look
 
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Watch the ISS live! www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/iss_ustream.html

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Got five minutes for a coffee? Grab your favourite cup, and hit play to take a closer look at Earth's magnetic field, it's stranger than you think! Let's see what makes it work, and explore the history of how north strangely becomes south sometimes. Stick around to see when it's likely to happen next.
 
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Black coffee and black holes, get caffeinated for this one. Black holes are some of the weirdest things in the universe, so let's understand them a bit better this coffee break.

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Pluto is famous these days for not being a planet. What happened? You've got a coffee, we've got some of the answers.

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Coffee break time again. So we see all these amazing pictures from rovers on Mars, and flybys of distant planets, but how do those pictures get back to Earth? Who's listening? and what is Australia's role in all of this?
Check out https://eyes.nasa.gov/dsn/dsn.html

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You've got your coffee, we've got some pretty cool facts about eclipses. If you've ever wondered about how a solar eclipse happens, or maybe why they're so rare, then wonder no more! And what is an orbital node anyway?

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Coffee smells nice today, and why do we need a leap year? When did we start doing the leap day and what would happen if we didn't bother with 29 February?
What was unique about the 2000 leap year?

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The biggest question - and a coffee break. How did the universe begin? Why can't we talk about what happened before the universe began? And how will the universe end?

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We hear a lot about the size of the planets in the solar system and beyond, but how far apart are they? Let's grab a coffee and find out by using a really relatable scale, you might be surprised!
Visit the scale model Solar System Trail stkildamelbourne.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Solar_System_Self_Guided_Trail_web_friendly.pdf

Episodes are at cosmiccoffeetime.buzzsprout.com
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