Rhesus Medicine Podcast - Medical Education

Axial Spondyloarthritis

Mon, 09 Mar 2026 13:00:00 +0000

Axial Spondyloarthritis (Ankylosing Spondylitis) explained, including the pathophysiology and most common clinical features, as well as Axial Spondyloarthritis diagnosis and treatment. Also includes diagnostic criteria.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/rheumatology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Axial Spondyloarthritis?
0:54 Axial Spondyloarthritis Pathophysiology
2:29 Axial Spondyloarthritis Symptoms
4:09 Axial Spondyloarthritis Diagnosis
6:03 Axial Spondyloarthritis Treatment

LINK TO MNEMONICS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References

BMJ Best Practice (2024) Axial spondyloarthritis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/366
National Axial Spondyloarthritis Society (n.d.) What is axial spondyloarthritis? NASS. Available at: https://nass.co.uk/about-as/what-is-axialspa/
MSD Manual Professional Edition (2024) Ankylosing spondylitis. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/joint-disorders/ankylosing-spondylitis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Mon, 16 Feb 2026 12:00:00 +0000

Rheumatoid Arthritis explained, including pathophysiology and typical signs and symptoms (extra articular too!). We also look at rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis (with rheumatoid factor / Anti CCP) and medications such as DMARDs

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/rheumatology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
0:23 Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathophysiology
2:58 Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms
5:16 Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis
7:02 Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References

MSD Manual Professional Edition (2025) Rheumatoid arthritis. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/joint-disorders/rheumatoid-arthritis
BMJ Best Practice (2025) Rheumatoid arthritis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/105
Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, McInnes IB, O’Dell JR. Kelly and Firestein’s Textbook of Rheumatology. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2021.
McInnes IB, Schett G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2205–2219.
Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2016;388:2023–2038.
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2021.
Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2020.

Acute Abdomen

Wed, 28 Jan 2026 12:00:00 +0000

A structure to the acute abdomen and acute abdominal pain - what is acute abdomen, what are the causes of acute abdomen and the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain? Acute abdomen examination (causes by location) as well as history and acute abdomen signs and symptoms. We also take a look at how an acute abdomen is managed.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/general-surgery

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is an acute abdomen?
0:23 Causes of acute abdomen / Causes of acute abdominal pain
2:40 Diagnosis of acute abdomen / Diagnosis of acute abdominal pain - Causes of acute abdomen by location
4:35 Diagnosis of acute abdomen / Diagnosis of acute abdominal pain - History
6:40 Acute abdomen physical exam / Acute abdominal pain physical exam
8:17 Diagnosis of acute abdomen / Diagnosis of acute abdominal pain - Labs and Imaging
10:01 Treatment of acute abdomen / Treatment of acute abdominal pain

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Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

References

MSD Manuals Professional Edition (2025) Acute abdominal pain. Reviewed/Revised Jul 2024; Modified Jul 2024. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/acute-abdominal-pain
BMJ Best Practice (2025) Evaluation of acute abdomen. Last reviewed: 23 Dec 2025; Last updated: 22 Jul 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/503
BMJ Best Practice (2025) Acute appendicitis: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last reviewed: 27 Dec 2025; Last updated: 17 Apr 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/290
BMJ Best Practice (2025) Imaging and investigations for abdominal pain. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/787/diagnosis-approach
NICE Guidelines NG156 (2025) Abdominal aortic aneurysm: diagnosis and management. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng156/chapter/recommendations

Tuberculosis

Mon, 26 Jan 2026 13:00:00 +0000

Tuberculosis (TB) explained clearly, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis features and transmission, as well as tuberculosis pathophysiology. We also look at tuberculosis symptoms (pulmonary and extrapulmonary), as well as diagnosis (including tuberculin / Mantoux) and treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/microbiology-and-infectious-disease

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Tuberculosis?
0:32 Tuberculosis Microbiology
2:44 Tuberculosis Pathophysiology
5:50 Tuberculosis Symptoms (Pulmonary Tuberculosis)
6:40 Tuberculosis Symptoms (Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis)
9:13 Tuberculosis Diagnosis
11:55 Tuberculosis Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References

MSD Manual Professional Edition (2025) Tuberculosis (TB). MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/mycobacteria/tuberculosis-tb#Treatment_v1010798
BMJ Best Practice (2025) Pulmonary tuberculosis – Management approach. BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/165/management-approach
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) About Bovine Tuberculosis in Humans. CDC. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/m-bovis.html
BMJ Best Practice (2025) Tuberculosis – Epidemiology. BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/166/epidemiology
MSD Manual Professional Edition (2025) Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (TB). MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/mycobacteria/extrapulmonary-tuberculosis-tb
Wikipedia (2025) Tuberculosis. Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
Radiopaedia (2025) Ghon lesion | Radiology Reference Article. Radiopaedia.org. Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ghon-lesion?lang=gb

APGAR Score

Mon, 12 Jan 2026 12:00:00 +0000

An easy way to learn APGAR, a scoring system designed to assess newborns. Includes APGAR mnemonic!

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/paediatrics

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is the APGAR Score?
0:19 APGAR Score Mnemonic
1:50 APGAR Score Interpretation / APGAR Score Meaning

MSD Manual Professional Edition (2025) Neonatal resuscitation. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/perinatal-problems/neonatal-resuscitation
MedlinePlus (2024) Apgar score. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Available at: https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003402.htm
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2015) Committee Opinion No. 644: The Apgar score. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 126(4), pp.e52–e55. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001108. Available at: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2015/10/the-apgar-score

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Kawasaki Disease

Mon, 12 Jan 2026 12:00:00 +0000

Kawasaki Disease is a systemic form of vasculitis that primarily affects children. In this video: Kawasaki Disease pathophysiology (proposed), Kawasaki Disease symptoms (and a mnemonic to help remember them!), as well as the diagnosis (including Z scores) and criteria for Kawasaki Disease!

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/paediatrics

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Kawasaki Disease? Kawasaki Disease Epidemiology
0:53 Kawasaki Disease Pathophysiology
2:26 Kawasaki Disease Symptoms / Kawasaki Disease Signs and Symptoms (Acute Febrile Stage)
3:42 Kawasaki Disease Symptoms (Subacute + Convalescent + Chronic Stage)
4:40 Kawasaki Disease Diagnosis - Kawasaki Disease Crtieria
5:27 Kawasaki Disease Diagnosis - Echocardiography + Z Score
6:47 Treatment of Kawasaki Disease

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

MSD Manuals Professional Edition (2025) Kawasaki disease. Reviewed/Revised Feb 2025; Modified Jun 2025. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/rheumatologic-disorders-in-children/kawasaki-disease
BMJ Best Practice (2025) Kawasaki disease: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last reviewed: 9 Dec 2025; Last updated: 7 Nov 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/236
NICE CKS / NHS England (2021) Kawasaki disease – diagnosis and management. NHS.uk content reflects CKS-informed guidance based on NICE protocols (e.g., fever in under 5s) with key diagnostic features and cardiac follow-up. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kawasaki-disease/diagnosis/
American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) (2015) Diagnosis and Management of Kawasaki Disease — long-term cardiovascular follow-up stratification by coronary involvement (incorporating AHA guideline guidance). American Family Physician, 91(6).
Arch Dis Child (2014) Management of Kawasaki disease in the convalescent phase: long-term cardiac management and risk stratification, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Rheumatic Fever

Thu, 08 Jan 2026 12:00:00 +0000

In this video we cover Rheumatic Fever; What is it? Rheumatic Fever Pathophysiology, the signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever as well as the diagnosis of rheumatic fever (including the Jones criteria and a rheumatic fever mnemonic!). We then look at the treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/rheumatology

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Video Timestamps:
0:00 What is Rheumatic Fever?
0:30 Rheumatic Fever Pathophysiology
1:53 Rheumatic Fever Symptoms / Signs and Symptoms of Rheumatic Fever
3:46 Jones Criteria - Rheumatic Fever Criteria Mnemonic
6:25 Rheumatic Fever Diagnosis
7:15 Rheumatic Fever Treatment / Rheumatic Fever Prophylaxis

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2025) Acute rheumatic fever: clinical guidance. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/acute-rheumatic-fever.html
Carapetis, J.R., Beaton, A., Cunningham, M.W., Guilherme, L., Karthikeyan, G., Mayosi, B.M., Sable, C., Steer, A., Wilson, N. and Wyber, R. (2016) ‘Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease’, Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2, 15084.
MSD Manual Professional Editors (2024) Rheumatic fever. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-bacterial-infections-in-infants-and-children/rheumatic-fever
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (no date) Rheumatic fever. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk
StatPearls Authors (2025) Acute rheumatic fever. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594238/
Therapeutic Guidelines Limited (2022) ‘Therapeutics for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease’, Australian Prescriber, 45(4), pp. 118–123. Available at: https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/therapeutics-for-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease.html

Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Low Back Pain

Thu, 08 Jan 2026 12:00:00 +0000

Low back pain is an extremely common complain, in this video we go through the main causes of low back pain, including low back pain red flag symptoms, as well as what to look for in the physical exam and diagnosis. We also look at treatment options for the commonest low back pain causes.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedics

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Timestamps:
0:00 Low Back Pain Epidemiology
0:43 Low Back Pain Causes / Classification - Mechanical Low Back Pain
2:43 Low Back Pain Causes - Referred Low Back Pain
3:12 Low Back Pain Causes - Systemic Causes of Low Back Pain
3:44 Low Back Pain Red Flag Symptoms
5:17 Low Back Pain Diagnosis - History + Physical Exam
7:13 Diagnosis of Low Back Pain - Lab Values and Imaging
7:56 Treatment of Low Back Pain / Low Back Pain Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2020) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management (NG59). London: NICE. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng59 . NICE
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (no date) Sciatica (lumbar radiculopathy) | CKS | Red flag symptoms and signs | Diagnosis. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/sciatica-lumbar-radiculopathy/diagnosis/red-flag-symptoms-signs/ Clinical Knowledge Summaries

Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy

Wed, 07 Jan 2026 13:00:00 +0000

Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy explained, including a review of what is the rotator cuff and muscles involved, Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy pathophysiology, as well as symptoms and diagnosis. We look at the Rotator Cuff physical exam, as well as Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy diagnosis and treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedics

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is the Rotator Cuff?
1:05 What is Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy?
1:36 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Pathophysiology
3:28 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Symptoms
4:00 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Diagnosis
6:11 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

References

BMJ Best Practice (2025) Rotator cuff injury – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/586 BMJ Best Practice
TeachMeAnatomy (2026) The intrinsic muscles of the shoulder. TeachMeAnatomy. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/muscles/shoulder/intrinsic/ TeachMeAnatomy
ExploreAnatomy.com (n.d.) Rotator cuff muscles. ExploreAnatomy.com. Available at: https://exploreanatomy.com/musculoskeletal-system/rotator-cuff-muscles
Physio-Pedia (n.d.) Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy. Physio-Pedia. Available at: https://www.physio-pedia.com/Rotator_Cuff_Tendinopathy physio-pedia.com
Desmeules, F., Roy, J-S., Lafrance, S. et al. (2025) Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Diagnosis, Nonsurgical Medical Care, and Rehabilitation: A Clinical Practice Guideline, Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 55(4), pp.235–274. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2025.13182 PubMed+1

Anormal Uterine Bleeding

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:00:00 +0000

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding is a term that is used to describe abnormal variations in menstruation, and include menorrhagia and heavy menstrual bleeding. In this video we cover what are the causes for abnormal uterine bleeding using the mnemonic PALM COEIN. Also included is the treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gynecology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (Definition)
0:53 Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (PALM COEIN Mnemonic)
3:26 Diagnosis of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
5:34 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

BMJ Best Practice (2025) Abnormal uterine bleeding: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last reviewed: 29 Nov 2025; Last updated: 14 Nov 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/658. BMJ Best Practice
MSD Manuals Professional Edition (2024) Abnormal uterine bleeding. Reviewed/Revised Jan 2023; Modified Mar 2024. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/abnormal-uterine-bleeding. MSD Manuals
Wouk, N. and Helton, M. (2019) Abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women, American Family Physician, 99(7). AAFP
FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee (2018) PALM-COEIN classification for AUB causes, Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 143(3), pp. 393–408. MSD Manuals
Abnormal uterine bleeding (2024) Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_uterine_bleeding. en.wikipedia.org

Endometriosis

Sun, 28 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

In this video we cover what is endometriosis, where does it most commonly affect as well as the signs and symptoms of endometriosis. Includes endometriosis pathology and theories, as well as how endometriosis is diagnosed and treated.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gynecology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Endometriosis?
0:07 Where does Endometriosis most commonly affect?
1:04 Signs and Symptoms of Endometriosis
2:47 Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome
3:29 Endometriosis Pathophysiology / Endometriosis Pathology Theories
4:35 Endometriosis Diagnosis
5:44 Endometriosis Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Bulletti, C., Coccia, M.E., Battistoni, S. and Borini, A. (2010) ‘Endometriosis and infertility’, Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 27(8), pp. 441–447. doi:10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1.
Gałczyński, K., Jóźwik, M., Lewkowicz, D., Semczuk-Sikora, A. and Semczuk, A. (2019) ‘Ovarian endometrioma – a possible finding in adolescent girls and young women: a mini-review’, Journal of Ovarian Research, 12(1), p. 104. doi:10.1186/s13048-019-0582-5.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (2010) Endometriosis and infertility. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941592/.
Wikipedia (2025) Endometriosis. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometriosis#Epidemiology.
BMJ Best Practice (2024) Endometriosis: diagnosis – approach. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/355/diagnosis-approach.
GPnotebook (2024) Endometriosis. Available at: https://gpnotebook.com/en-gb/simplepage.cfm?ID=1301938182.
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (2023) Endometriosis: symptoms. Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/endometri/conditioninfo/symptoms.

Ovarian Cancer

Sun, 28 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

A look at ovarian cancer including ovarian cancer subtypes (Epithelial and its subtypes, Germ Cell, Sex Cord Stromal) as well as the signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer and ovarian cancer risk factors. We also take a look at how ovarian cancer is staged (FIGO Staging of Ovarian Cancer) and how that affects the prognosis and treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gynecology

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Timestamps:
0:00 Ovarian Cancer Epidemiology
0:36 Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors
1:05 Ovarian Cancer Subtypes Intro
2:30 Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
3:33 Ovarian Cancer Signs and Symptoms
4:28 Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis
7:04 Ovarian Cancer Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References:

BMJ Best Practice (2025) Ovarian cancer: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/260
MSD Manuals Professional Edition (2025) Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Peritoneal Cancer. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/gynecologic-tumors/ovarian-fallopian-tube-and-peritoneal-cancer
American Cancer Society (2025) Ovarian Cancer Stages. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/ovarian-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html

Microscopic Colitis

Sun, 28 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Microscopic Colitis is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by normal appearance on colonoscopy. It is a cause of chronic, non bloody, watery diarrhea. We cover the subtypes (lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis), the signs and symptoms of microscopic colitis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Microscopic Colitis?
0:24 Signs and Symptoms of Microscopic Colitis / Microscopic Colitis Symptoms
0:53 Microscopic Colitis Risk Factors & Epidemiology
2:00 Microscopic Colitis Diagnosis
2:40 Microscopic Colitis Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References

BMJ Best Practice (2024) Microscopic colitis. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000315
MSD Manuals Professional Edition (2024) Microscopic colitis. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease/microscopic-colitis

Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis

Sun, 28 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

A look at Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), more specifically the two main forms of IBD which are Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease, going through each condition as well as looking at the differences between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease. Includes the signs and symptoms of each, including extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, as well as differences in the histology.

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
0:15 Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease Epidemiology
1:08 Signs and Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease
3:19 Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
4:48 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathology
5:07 Risk Factors for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease / Risk Factors of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
5:47 Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease / Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis
6:51 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Histology / Ulcerative Colitis v Crohn's Disease Histology
7:52 Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease Treatment

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https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Crohn's & Colitis Foundation (2019) Updated IBD Factbook. Crohn's & Colitis Foundation. Available at: https://www.Crohn'scolitisfoundation.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/Updated%20IBD%20Factbook.pdf
Walfish, A.E. and Ching Companioni, R.A. (2023) ‘Overview of inflammatory bowel disease’, MSD Manual Professional Edition. Merck & Co., Inc. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease
Waugh, N., Cummins, E., Royle, P. et al. (2013) Comparison of Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome and coeliac disease, in Faecal calprotectin testing for differentiating amongst inflammatory and non-inflammatory bowel diseases: systematic review and economic evaluation. Southampton: NIHR Journals Library. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK261307/

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis & Primary Biliary Cholangitis

Sun, 28 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

In this video we look at primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis (previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis), and the differences between them. This includes pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis as well as their diagnosis (including autoantibodies!) and treatment.

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What does cholestatic mean?
0:59 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Definition
1:31 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Risk Factors / Epidemiology
2:02 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Pathogenesis
3:48 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Signs and Symptoms
4:26 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Diagnosis
5:11 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Treatment
5:59 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Definition
6:19 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Risk Factors / Epidemiology
6:42 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Pathogenesis
7:58 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Signs and Symptoms
8:34 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Diagnosis (Criteria)
9:25 Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Cleveland Clinic, 2025. Primary biliary cholangitis (formerly primary biliary cirrhosis) and primary sclerosing cholangitis. [online] Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/digestive/medical-professionals/hepatology/primary-biliary-cirrhosis-primary-sclerosing-cholangitis. Cleveland Clinic
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2015. Primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. PMCID: PMC4521232. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521232/. PMC
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: pathogenesis and clinical features. PMCID: PMC7132015. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7132015/. (If exact year differs, use the one on the article page)

Colorectal Cancer

Sat, 27 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

A look at Colorectal Cancer, the 3rd most common cancer worldwide. We go into the risk factors of colorectal cancer, the signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer (and how they change based on location of the cancer), the diagnosis and screening, as well as treatment of colorectal cancer and its prognosis.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/general-surgery

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Timestamps:
0:00 Intro - Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology
0:12 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors
1:41 Colorectal Cancer Pathology (Polyps & Paris Classification)
2:36 Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer
4:20 How is Colorectal Cancer diagnosed?
5:53 Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
7:15 What is the prognosis of Colorectal Cancer

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Bowel Cancer UK, 2025. About bowel cancer. [online] Available at: https://www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk/about-bowel-cancer/bowel-cancer/. Bowel Cancer UK
Endoscopy Campus, 2025. Paris classification – Early cancer. [online] Available at: https://www.endoscopy-campus.com/en/classifications/paris-classification-early-cancer/. endoscopy-campus.com
Rubio, C.A., Thomeer, M., Nordenskjöld, O., Gaudio, E. & Wallin, J.A., 2007. Malignant colorectal polyps: A review. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 13(30), pp.4141–4146. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896747/. PMC
American Cancer Society, 2025. Colon & rectal cancer risk factors. [online] Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html.

Gastric Cancer

Sat, 27 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

In this video we cover Gastric Cancer / Stomach Cancer, looking at risk factors for it as well as what are the signs and symptoms of Gastric Cancer (with Troisier's sign!). Also includes the most common locations of gastric cancer, how gastric cancer is diagnosed (including staging), and how is gastric cancer treated.

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterology

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Video Timestamps:
0:00 How common is Gastric Cancer
0:10 Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer
1:07 Where is Gastric Cancer most common?
1:19 Types of Gastric Cancer
1:35 Most Common Site of Gastric Cancer (Which part of the stomach is most commonly affected)
1:49 Signs and Symptoms of Gastric Cancer (Gastric Cancer Symptoms)
2:39 What is Troisier's Sign? (Virchows Node)
2:51 Gastric Cancer Diagnosis
3:10 Gastric Cancer Staging
4:03 Gastric Cancer Prognosis
4:35 Gastric Cancer Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2008. Role of symptoms in diagnosis and outcome of gastric cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 14(8), pp.1149–1155. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690660/. PMC
Machlowska, J., Baj, J., Sitarz, M., Maciejewski, R. & Sitarz, R., 2020. Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Genomic Characteristics and Treatment Strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(11):4012. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7312039/. PubMed
Wikipedia, 2025. Stomach carcinoma / Gastric cancer. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_carcinoma.
ScienceDirect Topics, 2025. Stomach carcinoma – Medicine and Dentistry. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/stomach-carcinoma. ScienceDirect
World Health Organization (WHO), 2025. Cancer fact sheet. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer.

Fibromyalgia

Sat, 27 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

A look at fibromyalgia, a common but poorly understood condition causing chronic widespread pain. Includes symptoms of fibromyalgia, as well as how fibromyalgia is diagnosed (with Widespread Pain Index and Symptom Severity Scores!) and fibromyalgia treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/rheumatology

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Timestamps:
0:00 Fibromyalgia Definition - What is Fibromyalgia?
0:20 Fibromyalgia Epidemiology - How common is Fibromyalgia?
0:43 Fibromyalgia Symptoms
1:33 Cause of Fibromyalgia / Fibromyalgia Pathology
2:25 Fibromyalgia Diagnosis - Tender Points, Widespread Pain Index & Symptom Severity Score
3:56 Fibromyalgia Differential Diagnosis
4:17 Fibromyalgia Subtypes & Controversy
5:18 Fibromyalgia Treatment Options

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

GPnotebook, 2025. Fibromyalgia. [online] Available at: https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20141217144402775001.
BMJ Best Practice, 2023. Fibromyalgia – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/187. BMJ Best Practice
Dalal, D.S. & Mandell, B.F., 2024. Fibromyalgia. In: MSD Manuals Professional Edition – Muscle, Bursa, and Tendon Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/bursa-muscle-and-tendon-disorders/fibromyalgia. MSD Ma

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Fri, 26 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Irritable bowel syndrome is a common disorder, affecting 5-15% of the population. In this video we cover irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, the criteria (Rome IV criteria) as well as what may cause irritable bowel syndrome. We also look at irritable bowel syndrome treatment and who is at risk of developing irritable bowel syndrome.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome? (What is IBS?)
0:13 Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms (Signs and Symptoms of IBS)
1:05 Who gets Irritable Bowel Syndrome? (IBS Risk Factors / Epidemiology)
2:51 What causes Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
3:33 How is Irritable Bowel Syndrome diagnosed? (IBS Diagnosis)
4:32 Irritable Bowel Syndrome Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Frontline Gastroenterology, 2025. Best management of irritable bowel syndrome. Frontline Gastroenterology, 12(4), pp.303–310. [online] Available at: https://fg.bmj.com/content/12/4/303. BMJ Future Generations
Oka, P., Parr, H., Barberio, B., Black, C.J., Savarino, E.V. & Ford, A.C., 2020. Global prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to Rome III or IV criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 5(10), pp.908–917. [online] Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30217-X/fulltext. The Lancet
Wikipedia, 2025. Irritable bowel syndrome – Signs and symptoms. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome#Signs_and_symptoms. Wikipedia
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), 2025. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). [online] Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome. NIDDK
Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation, 2025. IBS vs IBD – Differences between irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. [online] Available at: https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/what-is-ibd/ibs-vs-ibd. crohnscolitisfoundation.org

Temporomandibular Joint Disorder

Fri, 26 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ Dysfunction) comes under the umbrella term of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder, and in this video we go through TMJ Disorder (including Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Treatment & Anatomy).
Also includes risk factors/potential causes of TMJ disorder.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/ent

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Temporomandibular Joint Disorder?
0:12 Temporomandibular Joint Anatomy
1:24 Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder
3:00 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Risk Factors
4:30 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Causes
5:17 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Diagnosis
6:29 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Temporomandibular Joint Anatomy and Disorders. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551612/.
TeachMeAnatomy, 2025. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ). [online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/joints/temporomandibular/.

Intestinal Ischaemia (Mesenteric Ischaemia)

Fri, 26 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Intestinal ischemia refers to a group of conditions seen with inadequate blood flow to the intestines. This includes acute mesenteric ischemia and chronic mesenteric ischemia, affecting the small intestine, and ischemic colitis affecting the large intestine. We cover the anatomy, pathology and signs of symptoms of each form of intestinal ischemia, and also look at the diagnosis and treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Intestinal Ischemia (Ischemic Bowel Disease)
0:18 Blood Supply of Intestines
1:36 Ischemic Bowel Disease Pathology
2:36 Ischemic Bowel Disease Symptoms (Mesenteric Ischemia Symptoms / Ischemic Colitis Symptoms)
3:45 Intestinal Ischemia Risk Factors (Ischemic Bowel Disease Risk Factors)
4:03 Ischemic Bowel Disease Diagnosis
4:53 Ischemic Bowel Disease Treatment (Mesenteric Ischemia Treatment / Ischemic Colitis Treatment)

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

InnerBody, 2025. Blood supply of the intestines – Lower torso cardiovascular anatomy. [online] Available at: https://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/cardiovascular/lower-torso/blood-supply-intestines.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Blood Supply of Small Intestine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554527/.
MSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Acute mesenteric ischemia – Gastrointestinal disorders / Acute abdomen and surgical gastroenterology. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/acute-mesenteric-ischemia.

Heart Blocks (1st-3rd AV Blocks)

Mon, 22 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

In this video we cover the different types of heart block as well as heart block ECG interpretation, including 1st degree, 2nd degree which has two types- Mobitz 1 or Wenckebach and Mobitz 2, as well as 3rd degree heart block also known as complete heart block. We also look at causes, symptoms and treatment options for each type of heart block.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiology

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Timestamps:
0:00 Normal Cardiac Conduction Pathway
1:07 First Degree Heart Block / 1st Degree AV Block - ECG
1:30 First Degree Heart Block / 1st Degree AV Block - Causes
2:36 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 1 / Wenckebach - ECG
3:15 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 1 - Causes
4:01 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 2 - ECG
4:25 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 2 - Causes
5:29 Third Degree Heart Block / Complete Heart Block - ECG
6:06 Third Degree Heart Block / Complete Heart Block - Causes

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References:

Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. First-Degree Heart Block • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/first-degree-heart-block-ecg-library/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL
Oldroyd, S.H., 2023. First-degree atrioventricular block. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448164/. NCBI
Medscape, 2024. First-Degree Atrioventricular Block. eMedicine Overview. [online] Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/161829-overview#a7. Medscape eMedicine
Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz I (Wenckebach Phenomenon). [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-i-wenckebach-phenomenon/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL
Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz II (Hay block). [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-ii-hay-block/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Mon, 22 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

A look at hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, including signs and symptoms, pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its diagnosis (and murmur!). Also features hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treatment options.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
0:14 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Epidemiology
0:49 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology / Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology
2:30 Systolic Anterior Motion / Systolic Anterior Movement
4:22 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Signs and Symptoms
6:07 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis
7:19 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References:

Marian, A.J. & Braunwald, E., 2017. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Circulation Research, 121(7), pp.749–770. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5654557/. PMC
Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2025. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy-hcm-ecg-library/.
BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/409. BMJ Best Practice

Brugada Syndrome

Sun, 21 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Brugada Syndrome is a genetic condition that predisposes to sudden cardiac death. In this video we cover the Brugada Syndrome ECG changes and Brugada Syndrome Pathophysiology, as well as symptoms and treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Brugada Syndrome?
0:22 Brugada Syndrome Epidemiology
0:48 Brugada Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:33 Brugada Syndrome Symptoms
3:08 Brugada Syndrome ECG
3:23 Type 1 Brugada Syndrome ECG
3:48 Type 2 Brugada Syndrome ECG
4:08 Brugada Syndrome Criteria
5:09 Brugada Syndrome Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/
References:

Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2025. Brugada Syndrome • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/brugada-syndrome-ecg-library/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL
Li, K.H.C., Lee, S., Yin, C., Liu, T., Ngarmukos, T., Conte, G., Yan, G.X., Sy, R.W. & Letsas, K.P., 2020. Brugada syndrome: a comprehensive review of pathophysiological mechanisms and risk stratification strategies. International Journal of Cardiology Heart & Vascular, 26:100468. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6974766/. PMC
StatPearls / National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Brugada Syndrome. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519568/. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Sun, 21 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Dilated Cardiomyopathy is the most common cardiomyopathy. We cover causes, including pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiology

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
0:13 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Epidemiology
0:53 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Causes (Primary vs Secondary)
1:52 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology (with Compensatory Mechanisms)
4:09 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Signs and Symptoms
4:44 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis
5:49 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References:

Bice, T.W., 2024. Dilated Cardiomyopathy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441911/. (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD), 2025. Dilated cardiomyopathy. [online] Available at: https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/221/dilated-cardiomyopathy.
Wikipedia, 2025. Dilated cardiomyopathy. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy.
Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2025. Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/dilated-cardiomyopathy-dcm-ecg-library/.
McDonagh, T.A., 2017. Diagnosis and assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy: a guideline protocol from the British Society of Echocardiography. Echo Research and Practice, 4(3), pp.R85–R98. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5574280/. (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

Sun, 21 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, also known as Broken Heart Syndrome, Stress Cardiomyopathy or Apical Ballooning Syndrome, is a condition that impairs the heart's ability to contract effectively. Takotsubo means octopus trap in Japanese, which is the shape the left ventricle resembles in this condition. We look at Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy pathology and symptoms, diagnosis including ECG changes as well as treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiology

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy?
0:36 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Pathology / Causes
1:59 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Risk Factors
2:54 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Symptoms
3:14 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis
4:14 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Treatment & Prognosis

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Ahmad, S.A., Khalid, N. & Ibrahim, M.A., 2023. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430798/. NCBI
Cardiomyopathy UK, 2025. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy | Cardiomyopathy UK. [online] Available at: https://www.cardiomyopathy.org/about-cardiomyopathy/types-cardiomyopathy/takotsubo-cardiomyopathy. cardiomyopathy.org
Wikipedia, 2025. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takotsubo_cardiomyopathy. Wikipedia

Heart Failure

Sun, 21 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiology

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Heart Failure / Heart Failure Definition
0:11 Systolic vs Diastolic Heart Failure
0:31 How is Cardiac Output Calculated
2:28 Causes of Heart Failure
4:39 Heart Failure Risk Factors
5:24 Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure
6:12 Diagnosis of Heart Failure
7:41 Treatment of Heart Failure (HFrEF vs HFpEF)

References

Naing, P., Forrester, D., Kangaharan, N., Muthumala, A.S.M., Myint, S.M. & Playford, D., 2019. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. July 2019. [online] Available at: https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/july/heart-failure-with-preserved-ejection-fraction. RACGP
Li, P., Zhao, H., Zhang, J., Ning, Y. & Tu, Y., 2021. Similarities and differences between HFmrEF and HFpEF. , 8:678614. [online] Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.678614/full.
Cellular and molecular differences between HFpEF and HFrEF: a step ahead in an improved pathological understanding, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7016826/. NCBI
Albakri, A., 2018. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: clinical status and meta-analyses of diagnosis by 3D echocardiography and natriuretic peptides-guided therapy.
Paolucci, L., 2022. New guideline-directed treatments for heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Case Reports. Available at: https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jaccases.2021.11.006. jacc.org
Nicolas, D., 2024. Sacubitril-Valsartan. In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507904/. NCBI
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Heart failure: diagnosis, management and prognosis. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961993/.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK599960/. NCBI

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Sat, 20 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Acute Coronary Syndrome refers to a spectrum of conditions including Unstable Angina, Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction and ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In this video we look at the pathology behind acute coronary syndrome, the differences between Unstable angina, NSTEMI and STEMI, as well as the signs and symptoms, diagnosis (including ECG changes!) and treatment of each.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Acute Coronary Syndrome - Acute Coronary Syndrome Definition
0:25 Coronary Artery Anatomy
1:17 Acute Coronary Syndrome Pathology - Atherosclerosis
2:08 Acute Coronary Syndrome Pathology - Unstable Angina vs Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction vs ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
3:00 Acute Coronary Syndrome Risk Factors
3:23 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome
4:17 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - ECG STEMI
5:45 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - ECG NSTEMI and Unstable Angina
6:42 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - Cardiac Troponin I
7:11 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - Imaging
7:42 Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

British National Formulary (BNF), 2015. Acute coronary syndromes – treatment summary. [online] Available at: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summary/acute-coronary-syndromes.html. BNF
TeachMeAnatomy, 2025. Heart vasculature. [online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/heart/heart-vasculature/. TeachMeAnatomy+1
DeVon, H.A., 2020. Typical and atypical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome. Journal of the American Heart Association, 9:e015539. [online] Available at: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.119.015539. AHA Journals
Warren, A., 2020. Acute coronary syndrome: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. The Pharmaceutical Journal. [online] Available at: https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/acute-coronary-syndrome-risk-factors-diagnosis-and-treatment. The Pharmaceutical Journal
Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2021. Acute coronary syndromes. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/acute-coronary-syndromes/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL

Myopericarditis

Sat, 20 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Myopericarditis includes both myocarditis and pericarditis. In this video we cover what is myopericarditis, as well as causes of myocarditis and pericarditis, signs and symptoms of pericarditis and myocarditis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Myopericarditis? (What is Myocarditis / What is Pericarditis?)
0:15 Anatomy - Pericardium & Layers of the Heart
1:41 Infectious Causes of Myocarditis / Pericarditis
2:31 Non Infectious Causes of Myocarditis / Pericarditis
3:22 Signs and Symptoms
4:19 Diagnosis of Myopericarditis
5:45 Treatment of Myocarditis and Pericarditis

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References

MSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Myocarditis – Cardiovascular Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/myocarditis-and-pericarditis/myocarditis. Reviewed/Revised May 2024; Modified Oct 2025. MSD Manuals
Manda, Y. & Baradhi, K., 2023. Myopericarditis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534776/. NCBI
Wikipedia, 2025. Myopericarditis. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopericarditis. en.wikipedia.org

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Myalgic Encephalitis)

Sat, 20 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, is a debilitating long term condition that affects around 1% of the population. We look at the signs and symptoms including diagnostic criteria, possible causes, risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome as well as treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
0:13 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Symptoms
1:47 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Risk Factors
2:40 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis
3:43 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Yang, J., Keller, S., Lin, J.S., et al., 2022. Ginseng for the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review of clinical studies. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 11, pp.1–8. [online] Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2164957X221079790. SAGE Journals
Tirelli, U., et al., 2021. Patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome treated with oxygen-ozone autohemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(1), p.29. [online] Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/1/29. mdpi.com
Merck Manuals Professional, 2025. Chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis). [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/chronic-fatigue-syndrome. Reviewed/Revised Jul 2023; Modified Apr 2025

Hiatal Hernia

Sat, 20 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

An overview of what is a hiatus hernia (including sliding & paraesophageal classification), the causes of a hiatus hernia as well as the most common signs and symptoms. Also includes diagnosis and treatment of hiatus hernia.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hiatal Hernia
0:27 Hiatal Hernia Causes / Pathophysiology
1:09 Hiatal Hernia Symptoms
2:05 Epidemiology (Who gets a Hiatal Hernia)
2:20 Hiatal Hernia Classification
3:09 Hiatal Hernia Diagnosis
3:53 Hiatal Hernia Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

Reference

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Hiatal hernia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/. NCBI
Hyun, J.J., 2011. Clinical significance of hiatal hernia. PMC Articles, PMCID PMC3166665. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166665/. PMC
Embleton, D.B. et al., 2018. Congenital hiatus hernia: a case series. PMC Articles, PMCID PMC6593919. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6593919/. PMC
Hopkins Medicine, 2022. Hiatal hernia. [online] Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hernias/hiatal-hernia. Hopkins Medicine
Patient.info, 2025. Hiatus hernia: symptoms, causes and treatment. [online] Available at: https://patient.info/digestive-health/acid-reflux-and-oesophagitis/hiatus-hernia#nav-5. Patient
MSD Manuals, 2025. Hiatus hernia – esophageal and swallowing disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/hiatus-hernia.

Atrial Fibrillation

Sat, 20 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Atrial Fibrillation is the most commonly diagnosed cardiac arrhythmia. In this video we cover what is atrial fibrillation, the signs and symptoms, causes of atrial fibrillation and the complications of atrial fibrillation. We also look at how atrial fibrillation is diagnosed, and treated (with rate vs rhythm control).

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Atrial Fibrillation?
0:12 Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology
1:14 Atrial Fibrillation Causes
2:39 Atrial Fibrillation Signs and Symptoms
3:30 Atrial Fibrillation Complications
4:35 Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosis
5:28 Atrial Fibrillation Management (Rate vs Rhythm Control)

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References

Ding, W.Y., Gupta, D. & Lip, G.Y.H., 2020. Atrial fibrillation and the prothrombotic state: revisiting Virchow’s triad in 2020. Heart, 106(19), pp.1463–1468. [online] Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32675218/. PubMed+1
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2016. Symptoms in atrial fibrillation: a contemporary review and future directions. PMCID: PMC5089512. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089512/. PMC
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Etiology, pathology, and classification of atrial fibrillation. PMCID: PMC7250635. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7250635/. PMC
Wikipedia, 2025. Atrial fibrillation: Causes. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation#Causes. Wikipedia
NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS), 2025. Atrial fibrillation – prevalence. [online] Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/atrial-fibrillation/background-information/prevalence/. Clinical Knowledge Summary

Asthma

Fri, 19 Dec 2025 13:00:00 +0000

A complete look at asthma, including asthma pathophysiology, causes, as well as asthma signs and symptoms. Also includes how asthma is diagnosed as well as asthma treatment.

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/respiratory

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Asthma / Asthma Definition
0:22 Asthma Pathophysiology - Anatomy
1:09 Asthma Molecular Pathology (Early v Late Phase)
3:12 Airway Remodelling
3:40 Asthma Causes & Risk Factors
4:40 Asthma Symptoms
5:38 Asthma Diagnosis (Chronic - Includes Spirometry)
7:15 Acute Exacerbation of Asthma (Mnemonic)
8:00 Asthma Treatment - Stepwise Approach

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2018. Asthma. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6157154/. PubMed Central
Wiley Online Library, 2023. Allergic disease article. Allergy [online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/all.14607. (Exact article title assumed – if you want the full title, provide the page text).
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Pathophysiology of Asthma. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551579/. NCBI
Moore, V.C., 2025. Spirometry: step by step. Breathe, 8(3), pp.232-240. [online] Available at: https://publications.ersnet.org/content/breathe/8/3/232. ERS Publications
Reddel, H.K. et al., 2021. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Strategy 2021 – Executive summary and rationale for key changes. European Respiratory Journal, 59(1):2102730. [online] Available at: https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/59/1/2102730. ERS Publications
BMJ Best Practice, 2025. BMJ Best Practice: Info. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/.

Bones of the Hands and Wrists

Fri, 19 Dec 2025 13:00:00 +0000

An easy way to remember the bones of the wrist and hand, including names, position and fractures like the Boxer's Facture!

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedics

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Timestamps:
0:00 Bones of the Wrist Mnemonic
0:54 Scaphoid Fracture (Avascular Necrosis)
1:36 Metacarpals (& Boxer's Fracture)
2:02 Phalanges

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

TeachMeAnatomy, 2025. Bones of the Hand – Carpals, Metacarpals & Phalanges. [online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/bones/hand/.
Geeky Medics, 2025. Bones of the Hand | Carpal bones – Metacarpal bones. [online] Available at: https://geekymedics.com/bones-of-the-hand/.

Infective Endocarditis

Fri, 19 Dec 2025 13:00:00 +0000

Infective endocarditis is a rare but life threatening infection of the heart, specifically the endocardium. We look at what causes infective endocarditis, its signs and symptoms, as well as diagnosis (including dukes criteria for infective endocarditis) and treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Infective Endocarditis? (Definition)
0:15 Infective Endocarditis Pathophysiology
1:45 Infective Endocarditis Complications
3:05 Infective Endocarditis Signs and Symptoms
4:20 Infective Endocarditis Risk Factors (Causes)
5:19 Which microorganisms cause infective endocarditis?
6:02 Infective Endocarditis Epidemiology
6:45 Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis (Duke Criteria)
8:08 Infective Endocarditis Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Holland, T.L., Baddour, L.M., Bayer, A.S., Hoen, B. & Miro, J.M., 2016. Infective endocarditis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2:16059. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240923/. PubMed Central
Wikipedia, 2025. Infective endocarditis. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis. Wikipedia
Rajani, R. & Klein, J.L., 2020. Infective endocarditis: A contemporary update. Clinical Medicine, 20(1), pp.31-35. [online] Available at: https://www.rcpjournals.org/content/clinmedicine/20/1/31. Ovid
Razmi, R. & Magnusson, P., 2019. Introductory chapter: Infective endocarditis – An introduction. In: Infective Endocarditis. IntechOpen. [online] Available at: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/45210. ResearchGate
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), 2024. Endocarditis, infective. [online] Available at: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/endocarditis-infective/. National Organization for Rare Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

Fri, 19 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is projected to be the number 1 cause of disease burden by 2030. We look at the causes and risk factors, the DSM 5 diagnostic criteria, and the treatment of depression.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 Major Depressive Disorder
0:23 DSM 5 Criteria - Major Depressive Disorder
1:58 Depression Causes & Risk Factors
3:10 Depression Pathophysiology
4:28 Depression Epidemiology
4:59 Depression Diagnosis
5:39 Depression Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

Reference:

Bains, N. & Abdijadid, S., 2023. Major Depressive Disorder. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/. NCBI
Psycom, 2025. DSM-5 depression criteria – Major Depressive Disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.psycom.net/depression/major-depressive-disorder/dsm-5-depression-criteria.
Wikipedia, 2025. Major depressive disorder. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder.
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2025. Depression. [online] Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression.
Bondy, B., 2002. Pathophysiology of depression and mechanisms of treatment. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 4(1), pp.7–20. [online] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.1/bbondy. Taylor & Francis Online

Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism

Fri, 19 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Venous Thromboembolism refers to the presence of blood clots in veins, in particular deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. We cover both, including Virchow's Triad and the pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism. Also included are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of both.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/respiratory

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Venous Thromboembolism?
0:32 Normal Cardiac and Pulmonary Circulation
0:59 Deep Vein Thrombosis Pathophysiology (& Most Common Veins)
1:24 Pulmonary Embolism Pathophysiology
3:52 Venous Thromboembolism Pathophysiology (Virchow's Triad)
5:32 Signs and Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis
5:49 Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism
6:25 Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis
8:18 Pulmonary Embolism ECG Findings
8:53 Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis / Pulmonary Embolism

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Stone, J., Hangge, P., Albadawi, H., Wallace, A., Shamoun, F., Grace Knuttien, M., Naidu, S. & Oklu, R., 2017. Deep vein thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical management. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy, 7(Suppl 3), pp.S276–S284. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5778510/. PubMed Central
MSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Pulmonary embolism (PE) – Pulmonary Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pulmonary-embolism/pulmonary-embolism-pe.
Turetz, M., Sideris, A.T., Friedman, O.A. & Triphathi, N., 2018. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and natural history of pulmonary embolism. Seminars in Interventional Radiology. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5986574/. PubMed Central
MSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) – Cardiovascular Disorders / Peripheral Venous Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/peripheral-venous-disorders/deep-venous-thrombosis-dvt.

Sinusitis

Tue, 16 Dec 2025 16:00:00 +0000

Understanding Rhinosinusitis (Sinusitis), including normal sinus anatomy, causes of sinusitis as well as pathophysiology. Also features sinusitis symptoms, diagnostic criteria and sinusitis treatment (Acute and chronic).

PDFs available here: Rhesus Medicine

BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Diagnosis approach – rhinosinusitis. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/15/diagnosis-approach.
MSD Manuals, 2025. Sinusitis – Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/nose-and-paranasal-sinus-disorders/sinusitis msdmanuals.com
Ratajczak, M., Fijalkowska-Ratajczak, T., Kaminska, D., Leszczyńska, M. & Dlugaszewska, J., 2025. The importance of Gram-negative rods in chronic rhinosinusitis. Applied Sciences, 15(11), p.6108. [online] Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/11/6108 MDPI

Salter-Harris Classification Made Easy

Fri, 12 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

A quick and easy way to remember the Salter Harris classification, using the mnemonic SALTR.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedics

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LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References

Gaillard F, Silverstone L, Walizai T, et al. Salter-Harris classification. Radiopaedia.org. Last revised 11 February 2025. Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/salter-harris-classification?lang=gb
Physeal (growth plate) injuries. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. Available at: https://www.rch.org.au/fracture-education/growth_plate_injuries/physeal_growth_plate_injuries/
Levine RH, Thomas A, Nezwek TA, et al. Salter-Harris Fracture. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. [Updated 10 August 2023] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430688/
Image EM/79444. UpToDate. Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=EM%2F79444

Disclaimer:
Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Dementia

Fri, 12 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

PDFs Available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Dementia?
0:47 Dementia Sign and Symptoms (Dementia Timeline)
1:12 Dementia Symptoms
3:45 Alzheimer’s Disease
5:29 Vascular Dementia
7:03 Dementia With Lewy Bodies (Lewy Body Dementia)
8:09 Frontotemporal Dementia
9:23 Dementia Risk Factors
11:36 Dementia Diagnosis
12:58 Dementia Treatment

References

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2019. Dementia. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557444/
Alzheimer's Association, 2025. What is dementia? Available at: https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2019. Alzheimer Disease. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499922/
Dementia Care Central, 2025. Vascular Dementia.Available at: https://www.dementiacarecentral.com/aboutdementia/vascular/
Alzheimer's Society, 2025. What can increase a person's risk of dementia? Available at: https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/what-can-increase-persons-risk-of-dementia
Wikipedia, 2025. Dementia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia
Alzheimer's Society, 2025. The later stage of dementia. Available at: https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/symptoms-and-diagnosis/how-dementia-progresses/later-stages-dementia
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2019. Dementia: Clinical Overview. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6689673/
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2016. Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4827373/
Lewy Body Dementia Association, 2025. Symptoms. Available at: https://www.lewybody.org/about-lbd/symptoms/
Alzheimer's Association, 2025. Frontotemporal Dementia. Available at: https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/frontotemporal-dementia
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559286/

Borderline Personality Disorder (Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder)

Fri, 12 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Borderline Personality Disorder (also known as Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder), is characterised by strong emotional responses, unstable relationships and a disturbed sense of self. In this video we cover the symptoms (including DSM 5 diagnostic criteria) as well as potential causes, and treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

Free Practice Material: https://app.wisdolia.com/learning-journey/all-cards/h1JbWDFGFLCZtYCAZkfu?showListView=true&r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

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Timestamps:
What is a personality disorder? 0:00
What is Borderline Personality Disorder? 0:20
Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms 0:45
Borderline Personality Disorder Diagnosis / DSM 5 Criteria 1:49
Borderline Personality Disorder Causes / Risk Factors 2:06
Complications 3:12
Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment 3:59

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Priory Group, 2022. Emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) treatment. [online] Available at: https://www.priorygroup.com/mental-health/personality-disorder-treatment/emotionally-unstable-personality-disorder-eupd.
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2025. Borderline personality disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder.
Verywell Mind, 2025. Borderline personality disorder: Symptoms and diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/borderline-personality-disorder-diagnosis-425174.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Borderline personality disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430883/.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Thu, 11 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), previously known as Attention Deficit Disorder. We look at the ADHD symptoms, diagnosis (including criteria) and the treatment options.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?
0:20 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms
2:29 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Complications
3:15 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Pathophysiology
4:01 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Causes
4:53 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis (DSM 5 Criteria)
5:48 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References:

BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/814.
Wikipedia, 2025. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder.
Inflow, 2022. Emotional dysregulation and ADHD: why you feel 'too much'. [online] Available at: https://www.getinflow.io/post/emotional-dysregulation-adhd-signs.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441838/.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Presenting ADHD Symptoms, Subtypes, and Comorbid Disorders in Clinically Referred Adults with ADHD. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948439/.

Serotonin Syndrome

Thu, 11 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Serotonin syndrome, also known as serotonin toxicity is a potential life threatening condition due to excessive serotonin levels in the body. In this video we look at the symptoms, diagnosis including Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria and treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Serotonin Syndrome?
0:25 Serotonin Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:03 Serotonin Syndrome Symptoms
3:26 Serotonin Syndrome Risk Factors
4:08 Serotonin Syndrome Diagnosis (Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria)
5:16 Serotonin Syndrome Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References:

StatPearls, 2024. Serotonin Syndrome. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482377/.
BMJ Best Practice, 2022. Serotonin syndrome. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/991.
Wikipedia, 2025. Serotonin syndrome. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Thu, 11 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is a life threatening reaction to antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medication. In this video we look at the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, differentials (including serotoning syndrome) and treatment

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?
0:33 Typical vs Atypical Antipsychotics
1:37 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:32 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Symptoms
3:39 Risk Factors
4:52 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Diagnosis
6:00 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Differential Diagnosis
6:14 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Treatment
7:40 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Complications

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/990.
StatPearls, 2025. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482282/.
Wikipedia, 2025. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Introduction - First-Generation Versus Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Adults: Comparative Effectiveness. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK107237/.
MDedge Psychiatry, 2025. Identify neuroleptic malignant syndrome with FEVER. [online] Available at: https://www.mdedge.com/psychiatry/article/60368/identify-neuroleptic-malignant-syndrome-fever.

Mental Health Act

Thu, 11 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

In this video we explain the most commonly used sections (Sections 2,3,4,5(2), 5(4), 135 and 136) of the Mental Health Act, including their purpose, duration and professions involved in them.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

Mind, 2025. About sectioning. [online] Available at: https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/legal-rights/sectioning/about-sectioning/.
Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust, 2025. Commonly used sections of the Mental Health Act 1983. [online] Available at: https://www.shsc.nhs.uk/service-users-and-carers/commonly-used-sections-mental-health-act-1983.
Wikipedia, 2025. Mental Health Act 1983. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Health_Act_1983.
Geeky Medics, 2023. The Mental Health Act (MHA) | Summary. [online] Available at: https://geekymedics.com/the-mental-health-act-mha/.

Schizophrenia

Thu, 11 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterised by impairments in the way reality is perceived with associated changes in behaviour. We cover the symptoms of Schizophrenia (with delusion types), including the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis, as well as Schizophrenia treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Schizophrenia?
0:28 Schizophrenia Symptoms - Positive Symptoms
2:28 Schizophrenia Symptoms - Negative Symptoms
2:58 Schizophrenia Symptoms - Cognitive Symptoms
3:49 Schizophrenia Diagnosis / Diagnostic DSM 5 Criteria
5:08 Schizophrenia Causes / Pathophysiology
5:53 Schizophrenia Risk Factors & Epidemiology
7:00 Schizophrenia Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2025. Schizophrenia. [online] Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2025. Schizophrenia. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia.
National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 2025. Schizophrenia. [online] Available at: https://nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia.
Wikipedia, 2025. Schizophrenia. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia.
Medscape, 2025. Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options. [online] Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288259-overview.
Symptom Media, 2025. Schizophrenia Delusions: Definition, Types, and Treatments. [online] Available at: https://symptommedia.com/delusions-associated-with-schizophrenia-ce-course-preview/.
Psycom, 2025. Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment. [online] Available at: https://www.psycom.net/schizophrenia.
StatPearls, 2025. Schizophrenia. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/.

Bipolar Disorder

Thu, 11 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that is characterised by alternating periods of depressive symptoms and elevated mood, termed either hypomania or mania. We cover the different types of bipolar disorder, the criteria for diagnosis and treatment options.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Bipolar Disorder?
0:33 Bipolar Disorder - Depression
1:10 Bipolar Disorder - Mania vs Hypomania
2:14 Bipolar Disorder Classification - (Bipolar Disorder 1 vs Bipolar Disorder 2 vs Cyclothymia)
3:15 Epidemiology and Risk Factors
4:22 Bipolar Disorder Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References

National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 2025. Bipolar Disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Bipolar-Disorder.
Psycom Pro, 2025. Bipolar Disorder. [online] Available at: https://pro.psycom.net/assessment-diagnosis-adherence/bipolar-disorder.
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2025. Bipolar Disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder.
Wikipedia, 2025. Bipolar disorder. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder.
Verywell Mind, 2025. Will My Child Inherit My Bipolar Disorder?. [online] Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/will-my-child-inherit-my-bipolar-disorder-380477.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Wed, 10 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a frequent complication of exposure to trauma. We look at PTSD symptoms and causes, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of post traumatic stress disorder.

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is PTSD?
0:48 Signs and Symptoms of PTSD
2:27 PTSD Diagnosis
3:30 PTSD Pathophysiology
4:56 PTSD Risk Factors
6:03 PTSD Treatment

References:

BMJ Best Practice. (2024). Post-traumatic stress disorder. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/430 (BMJ Best Practice)
Mann, S.K., Marwaha, R. & Torrico, T.J. (2024). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Last update 25 February 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559129/ (NCBI)
PTSD UK. (n.d.). PTSD Stats – PTSD UK. [online] Available at: https://www.ptsduk.org/ptsd-stats/ (PTSD UK)
PTSD UK. (2019). Secondary Trauma – PTSD UK. [online] Available at: https://www.ptsduk.org/secondary-trauma/ (PTSD UK)

Parkinson's Disease

Wed, 10 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

We cover Parkinson's Disease, including pathophysiology, symptoms, causes and Parkinson's Disease treatment.

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurology
Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):
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0:00 What is Parkinson’s Disease?
0:30 Parkinson’s Disease Pathophysiology
3:56 Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms
6:05 Parkinson’s Disease Causes & Risk Factors
7:18 Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis
8:47 Parkinson’s Disease Treatment
10:08 Parkinson’s Disease On/Off Phenomenon

References

Zafar, S. & Yaddanapudi, S.S. (2023). Parkinson Disease. Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470193/
Parkinson’s Foundation. (2018). Statistics | Parkinson’s Foundation. Available at: https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics
Kenhub. (2023). Basal ganglia: Gross anatomy and function. Available at: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/basal-ganglia
Bahners, B.H. et al. (2022). Electrophysiological characterization of the hyperdirect pathway and its functional relevance for subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014488622000565
Ohio State University. (2017). Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation | Parkinson’s Disease Case Study. Available at: https://u.osu.edu/parkinsonsdisease/pathophysiology-and-clinical-presentation/ (U.OSU)
Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Parkinson’s Disease Risk Factors and Causes. Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/parkinsons-disease
(2024.). Parkinsonism vs. Parkinson’s Disease: What’s The Difference?. Available at: https://parkinsonsdisease.net/answers/parkinsonism-vs-pd
Postuma, R.B. et al. (2018). New Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson’s Disease: MDS-PD Criteria. Movement Disorders. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29433115/
(2018). MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Available at: http://medicalcriteria.com/web/mds-parkinson-disease/
(n.d.). Parkinson’s Disease Side Effects of Medication. Available at: https://www.parkinsonsdaily.com/parkinsons-disease-side-effects-of-medication/
(2020). Neuroscience Online: Chapter “Basal Ganglia”. Available at: https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s3/chapter04.html

Restless Leg Syndrome

Wed, 10 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Restless Legs Syndrome is a common condition characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs. We look at what causes it, the symptoms, as well as diagnosis (criteria) and treatment options.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Restless Legs Syndrome?
0:31 Restless Legs Syndrome Symptoms
1:47 Restless Legs Syndrome Causes
4:08 Restless Legs Syndrome Risk Factors / Epidemiology
4:45 Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnosis (With Criteria)
5:36 Restless Legs Syndrome Treatment

References:

StatPearls. (2021). Restless Legs Syndrome. [online] Available at: https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/28429/ NCBI
BMJ Best Practice. (2023). Restless legs syndrome – Aetiology. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/65/aetiology BMJ Best Practice
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2025). Restless Legs Syndrome Fact Sheet. [online] Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/restless-legs-syndrome-fact-sheet
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). (1979). Pain Terminology. [online] Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology/ iasp-pain.org

Acute Kidney Injury

Wed, 10 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) explained, including pathophysiology and causes (prerenal/intrinsic/postrenal) as well as diagnosis and treatment of different causes. Also includes mnemonic to remember nephrotoxic medication!

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is an Acute Kidney Injury?
0:20 Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Explained
2:12 Acute Kidney Injury Causes – Prerenal
2:59 Acute Kidney Injury Causes – Intrinsic
4:46 Acute Kidney Injury Causes – Postrenal
5:18 Acute Kidney Injury Symptoms
6:02 Acute Kidney Injury Diagnosis
8:10 Acute Kidney Injury Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References:

Goyal, A., Bashir, K., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Hashmi, M., & others. Acute Kidney Injury. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; last updated 25 November 2023. Available at: https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/17169/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical profile and predictors of renal failure in emergency … In NKBI Book NBK519012. Published 2022. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519012/
National Kidney Foundation (NKF). Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). Last reviewed 2024. Available at: https://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/siemens_hcp_gfr

Chronic Kidney Disease

Tue, 09 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) explained, including causes and pathophysiology, as well as symptoms and complications. We also look at diagnosis and treatment options.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Chronic Kidney Disease?
1:45 Chronic Kidney Disease Symptoms & Complications
4:51 Chronic Kidney Disease Causes
7:20 Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology
8:14 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology / Risk Factors
8:53 Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis
10:30 Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS). Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease. Last revised May 2025. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/chronic-kidney-disease/background-information/definition/ (NICE)
StatPearls. Chronic Kidney Disease. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Last updated July 31 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/ (NCBI, PubMed)
Wikipedia contributors. Chronic kidney disease. Last updated August 2025. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease (Wikipedia)
GPCPD (HEIW Wales). Prescribing in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Updated 2025. Available at: https://gpcpd.heiw.wales/clinical/acute-kidney-injury-in-primary-care/prescribing-in-aki/
Kidney International. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney International Supplements, 2022 Apr;12(1):7–11. Available at: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(22)00518-X/fulltext (PubMed)

Nephrotic Syndrome

Tue, 09 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Nephrotic Syndrome explained clearly (including differences from Nephritic Syndrome), looking at causes and pathophysiology, as well as symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options.

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrology

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Timestamps:
0:00 Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome
1:02 Nephrotic Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:01 Nephrotic Syndrome Signs and Symptoms
4:42 Nephrotic Syndrome Causes
7:34 Nephrotic Syndrome Epidemiology / Risk Factors
8:07 Nephrotic Syndrome Diagnosis
9:15 Nephrotic Syndrome Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults. Last reviewed 2025. Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/nephrotic-syndrome-adults
Wikipedia contributors. Nephrotic syndrome. Last updated July 2025. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome
StatPearls. Nephrotic Syndrome. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available at: https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/25713/
Geeky Medics. Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome | Renal. Last updated August 2025. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/nephrotic-vs-nephritic-syndrome/
AMBOSS. Nephrotic syndrome. Last updated March 2025. Available at: https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Nephrotic_syndrome
PubMed. Thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome. Published 2013. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23625754/
BMJ Best Practice. Assessment of nephrotic syndrome – Differential diagnosis of symptoms. Last updated March 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/356
Italian Journal of Pediatrics (Biomed Central). The Italian Society for Pediatric Nephrology (SINePe) consensus document on the management of nephrotic syndrome in children: Part I – Diagnosis and treatment of the first episode and the first relapse. Published 2017. Available at: https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-017-0356-x

Nephritic Syndrome

Tue, 09 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Nephritic Syndrome explained clearly, including differences from Nephrotic Syndrome, clinical features and the causes made easy to remember- including pathology.

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Nephritic Syndrome?
0:33 Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome
1:29 Nephritic Syndrome Pathophysiology
3:20 Nephritic Syndrome Signs and Symptoms
3:45 Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
5:18 Anti Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease (Goodpasture’s Disease)
6:09 IgA Nephropathy
7:25 Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
8:47 Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
9:38 Pauci Immune – ANCA Vasculitis
10:49 Alport’s Syndrome
11:29 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
12:20 Nephritic Syndrome Diagnosis
13:08 Nephritic Syndrome Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
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References

Geeky Medics. Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome | Renal. Last updated 18 August 2025. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/nephrotic-vs-nephritic-syndrome/
StatPearls. Nephritic Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562240/
AMBOSS. Nephritic syndrome. Last updated 23 May 2025. Available at: https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Nephritic_syndrome
Wikipedia contributors. Nephritic syndrome. Last updated 30 August 2025. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephritic_syndrome
ClinicalKey. Nephritic Syndrome. Last updated 2025. Available at: https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S0095454320300579?scrollTo=%23hl0000359
MedBullets. Nephritic Syndrome. Last updated 28 February 2025. Available at: https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120698/nephritic-syndrome

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

A look Polycystic Kidney Disease, including its pathophysiology, causes (including Autosomal Dominant vs Autosomal Recessive), as well as its signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Polycystic Kidney Disease?
0:20 Polycystic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology
2:20 Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney
3:55 Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
4:26 Polycystic Kidney Disease Signs and Symptoms
5:51 Polycystic Kidney Disease Diagnosis
6:52 Polycystic Kidney Disease Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

GPnotebook. Polycystic Kidney Disease. Last updated 2024. Available at: https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=-1945763840
Kidney Research UK. Polycystic Kidney Disease. Last updated 31 July 2025. Available at: https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/polycystic-kidney-disease/
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Polycystic Kidney Disease. Last updated 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470264/
BMJ Best Practice. Polycystic Kidney Disease. Last updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/481
Wikipedia contributors. Polycystic Kidney Disease. Last edited 28 October 2024. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease

Anxiety Disorders

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Anxiety Disorders explained, including what is anxiety, what are anxiety disorders and what are the symptoms? Also includes DSM V criteria and treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Anxiety?
0:55 Anxiety Symptoms – General
2:07 DSM 5 Criteria – General
2:38 Generalised Anxiety Disorder
3:30 Specific Phobia
4:18 Panic Disorder
5:28 Agoraphobia
6:20 Social Anxiety Disorder
7:05 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
7:55 Separation Anxiety Disorder
8:54 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
9:43 Selective Mutism
10:24 Anxiety Disorder Causes / Risk Factors
11:54 Anxiety Disorder Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice. Generalized Anxiety Disorder – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment. Last updated 29 May 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/120
Hantsoo, L. & Epperson, C. N. (2017). Anxiety Disorders Among Women: A Female Lifespan Approach. Focus, 15(2), pp. 162–172. Available at: https://focus.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.focus.20160042
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Anxiety Disorders. Last reviewed December 2024. Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders
AnxietyCentre.com. Anxiety Symptoms, Causes, Treatment. Last updated 22 July 2025. Available at: https://www.anxietycentre.com/anxiety-disorders/symptoms/
American Psychiatric Association. What Are Anxiety Disorders? Last reviewed 2017. Available at: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders

Shoulder Dislocation

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Shoulder dislocation (Glenohumeral Joint Dislocation) is the most common large joint dislocation. We look at the mechanisms (Anterior, Posterior and Inferior) as well as X-Ray findings and treatment.

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedics

Consider subscribing on (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 Shoulder Joint Anatomy
1:45 Anterior Shoulder Dislocation
2:48 Posterior Shoulder Dislocation
4:03 Inferior Shoulder Dislocation
4:25 Shoulder Dislocation Complications
5:12 Diagnosis (Anterior Shoulder Dislocation X-Ray)
6:13 Posterior Shoulder Dislocation X-Ray
6:54 Shoulder Dislocation Treatment

References

TeachMeAnatomy. The Shoulder Joint – Structure – Movement. Last updated October 8, 2024. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/joints/shoulder/ (TeachMeAnatomy)
Radiopaedia. Hill-Sachs Defect | Radiology Reference Article. Published 8 months ago (circa December 2024). Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hill-sachs-defect?lang=us (Radiopaedia)
Radiopaedia. Posterior Shoulder Dislocation | Radiology Reference Article. Published 10 months ago (circa October 2024). Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/posterior-shoulder-dislocation (Radiopaedia)
Physiopedia. Shoulder Dislocation. Available at: https://www.physio-pedia.com/Shoulder_Dislocation (Physiopedia)
Abrams, R. & Akbarnia, H. Shoulder Dislocations Overview. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. Last updated August 8, 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459125/ (NCBI)
MedBullets. Anterior Shoulder Dislocation. Published 3.7 years ago (circa early 2022). Available at: https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120534/anterior-shoulder-dislocation (step2.medbullets.com)

Ankle Fractures

Sun, 07 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

A break in a bone of the ankle (Talocrural Joint) is known as an ankle fracture, and there are multiple different kinds. We look at normal ankle anatomy, as well as the types of fracture (including Danis-Weber Classification), the diagnosis (including X Ray findings) and treatment options.

PDFs available at: Orthopaedics – Rhesus Medicine

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):
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References:

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). Ankle Fractures (Broken Ankle). OrthoInfo. Last reviewed September 2022. Available at: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/ankle-fractures-broken-ankle/
Orthobullets. Ankle Fractures. Orthobullets. Updated 2023. Available at: https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1047/ankle-fractures
TeachMeSurgery. Ankle Fracture. TeachMeSurgery. Updated 2023. Available at: https://teachmesurgery.com/orthopaedic/ankle-and-foot/ankle-fracture/
TeachMeAnatomy. Ankle Joint. TeachMeAnatomy. Updated 2023. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/joints/ankle-joint/
Smith, J. M. & Varacallo, M. (2025 Jan). Ankle Fractures. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Last updated August 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542324/
Geeky Medics. Ankle X-ray Interpretation. Last updated April 2025. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/ankle-x-ray-interpretation/

Disclaimer:
Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Sun, 07 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Osgood Schlatter Disease (also known as Tibial Tubercle Apophysisitis) explained clearly, including causes and pathophysiology, as well as diagnosis and treatment.

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedics

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Osgood Schlatter Disease?
0:30 Osgood Schlatter Disease Pathophysiology
1:18 Osgood Schlatter Disease Symptoms
1:53 Osgood Schlatter Disease Risk Factors
2:19 Osgood Schlatter Disease Diagnosis
3:02 Osgood Schlatter Disease Treatment

LINK TO MORE MNEMONICS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Smith, J. M. & Varacallo, M. Osgood-Schlatter Disease. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. Last updated 4 August 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441995/ (NCBI, Dergipark)
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Clarity Informatics Ltd (trading as Agilio Software). Osgood-Schlatter disease. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS). Last revised October 2020. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/osgood-schlatter-disease/ (CKS)
Pessler, F. Osgood-Schlatter Disease. MSD Manuals – Professional (Pediatrics: Bone Disorders in Children). Reviewed/Revised November 2022. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/bone-disorders-in-children/osgood-schlatter-disease (MSD Manuals)

Disclaimer:
Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Tennis Elbow and Golfers Elbow Explained - (Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis)

Sun, 07 Dec 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Tennis Elbow and Golfer’s Elbow (also more recently called Lateral and Medial Elbow Tendinopathies) explained, including symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.

PDFs Available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Tennis Elbow / What is Golfer’s Elbow?
0:25 Lateral Epicondylitis Pathophysiology / Medial Epicondylitis Pathophysiology
1:55 Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) Signs and Symptoms
2:40 Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer’s Elbow) Signs and Symptoms
3:16 General Epicondylitis / Tendinosis Signs and Symptoms
3:42 Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) & Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer’s Elbow) Diagnosis
4:07 Tennis Elbow Treatment / Golfer’s Elbow Treatment

LINK TO MNEMONICS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References:

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis). OrthoInfo. Last reviewed June 2022. Available at: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/tennis-elbow-lateral-epicondylitis/
Buchanan, B. K., & Varacallo, M. (2025 Jan). Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow). In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Last update August 4 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431092/
Wikipedia contributors. (2025). Tennis elbow. Wikipedia. Last updated August 2025. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_elbow
Reece, C. L., Li, D., & Susmarski, A. J. (2025 Jan). Medial Epicondylitis. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Last update May 2 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557869/

Disclaimer:
Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Whipple's Disease

Mon, 01 Dec 2025 20:00:00 +0000

Whipple's Disease explained, including microbiology of T.Whipplei and Whipple's Disease pathology. We look at the symptoms of Whipple's Disease including Classic and Local forms, as well as Whipple's Disease diagnosis and treatment.

PDFs Available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Whipple’s Disease?
0:20 Whipple's Disease - Trophyerma Whipplei Microbiology
0:51 Whipple’s Disease Pathology
2:35 Whipple’s Disease Symptoms
5:45 Whipple’s Disease Diagnosis
7:13 Whipple’s Disease Treatment

References

Dolmans, R.A.V., Boel, C.H., Lacle, M.M. & Kusters, J.G., 2017. Clinical manifestations, treatment, and diagnosis of Tropheryma whipplei infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 30(2), pp.529-555. [online] Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5355640/ PubMed+1
MSD Manuals, 2025. Whipple disease. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/malabsorption-syndromes/whipple-disease NCBI
BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Aetiology – Whipple disease. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/467/aetiology
Mount Sinai Health System, 2025. Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia. [online] Available at: https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/supranuclear-ophthalmoplegia
Marth, T., Moos, V., Müller, C. et al., 2016. Tropheryma whipplei infection and Whipple's disease. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16(3):e13-22. [online] Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(15)00537-X/abstract PubMed+1

Migraine

Mon, 17 Nov 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Understanding Migraine, including migraine pathophysiology as well as associated symptoms. We also look at how migraine is diagnosed, as well as migraine treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Migraine?
0:50 Migraine Pathophysiology
3:33 Migraine Symptoms
5:52 Migraine Diagnosis and Red Flags (Mnemonic)
7:30 Migraine Treatment

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

References

BMJ Best Practice, 2024. Migraine headache in adults – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/10 (Best Practice)
Frimpong-Manson, K., Ortiz, Y.T., McMahon, L.R. & Wilkerson, J.L., 2024. Advances in understanding migraine pathophysiology: a bench to bedside review of research insights and therapeutics. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 17:1355281. [online] Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2024.1355281/full (Frontiers)
Migraine Trust, 2024. Stages of a migraine attack. [online] Available at: https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/stages-of-a-migraine-attack/ (migrainetrust.org)

#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

GLP-1 Agonists

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 12:00:00 +0000

GLP-1 Agonists (Glucagon Like Peptide 1 Agonists) such as Mounjaro and Wegovy are becoming more widely used, here we cover examples of GLP1 Agonists, mechanism of action, as well as GLP1 agonist side effects.

PDFs Available at: www.rhesusmedicine.com

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What are GLP-1 Agonists?
0:23 GLP-1 Agonist Mechanism of Action
1:35 GLP-1 Agonist Indications & Uses
2:37 GLP-1 Agonist Examples
4:05 GLP-1 Agonist Side Effects

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

References

Manne-Goehler, J., Franco, J., 2025. Side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. BMJ, 390:r1606. [online] Available at: https://www.bmj.com/content/390/bmj.r1606.full. (bmj.com)
Collins, L., 2024. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. StatPearls. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/. (NCBI)
Andreasen, C.R., Andersen, A., Knop, F.K. & Vilsbøll, T., 2021. How glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists work. Endocrine Connections, 10(7). [online] Available at: https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/10/7/EC-21-0130.xml. (ec.bioscientifica.com)
Diabetes UK, 2025. GLP-1 agonists – tablets and medication. [online] Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/looking-after-diabetes/treatments/tablets-and-medication/glp-1. (Diabetes UK)

Hyperthyroidism

Thu, 23 Oct 2025 17:00:00 +0100

Hyperthyroidism explained, including causes of hyperthyroidism such as Grave's Disease and Toxic Multinodular Goitre! We also look at hyperthyroidism symptoms, as well as diagnosis and hyperthyroidism treatment

PDFs Available Here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hyperthyroidism?
0:27 Thyroid Hormone Physiology
2:00 Grave’s Disease
3:22 Toxic Multinodular Goitre
3:45 Other Causes of Hyperthyroidism
5:10 Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
6:13 Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxic Crisis)
6:42 Hyperthyroidism Diagnosis
8:19 Hyperthyroidism Treatment

References

MSD Manuals, 2025. Hyperthyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Thyroid Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hyperthyroidism.
Geeky Medics, 2023. Thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism. [online] Available at: https://geekymedics.com/thyrotoxicosis-and-hyperthyroidism/.
BMJ Best Practice, 2025. History & exam – Thyroid dysfunction. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/32/history-exam.

Hypothyroidism

Mon, 06 Oct 2025 13:00:00 +0100

Understanding Hypothyroidism, including thyroid physiology, hypothyroidism causes and classification, as well as hypothyroidism symptoms. We also look at diagnosis and hypothyroidism treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hypothyroidism?
0:12 Thyroid Hormone Physiology
1:45 Primary vs Secondary Hypothyroidism
2:24 Primary Hypothyroidism
3:34 Central Hypothyroidism (Secondary & Tertiary)
4:05 Hypothyroidism Symptoms
5:44 Hypothyroidism Diagnosis
7:49 Hypothyroidism Treatment

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

References

TeachMePhysiology. The Thyroid Gland. Last updated 8 February 2024. Available at: https://teachmephysiology.com/endocrine-system/thyroid-parathyroid-gland/thyroid-gland/
Geeky Medics. Thyroid Function Test (TFT) Interpretation. Published 28 April 2018. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/thyroid-function-test-tft-interpretation/
BMJ Best Practice. Thyroid Disorders – Background / Epidemiology / Screening / Prevention. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/36
BMJ Best Practice. Primary Hypothyroidism – Diagnosis / Management. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/535?q=Primary hypothyroidism&c=recentlyviewed
British Thyroid Foundation (BTF). Thyroid Function Tests. Last revised 10 September 2022. Available at: https://www.btf-thyroid.org/thyroid-function-tests

An Approach to Anaemia

Thu, 25 Sep 2025 14:00:00 +0100

An approach to anaemia, including MCV classification of the different causes of anaemia in a structured easy to remember layout.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Anaemia?
1:55 Microcytic Anaemia - Iron Deficiency Anaemia
3:48 Microcytic Anaemia - Thalassemia
4:57 Microcytic Anaemia - Anaemia of Chronic Disease
6:02 Microcytic Anaemia - Sideroblastic Anaemia
7:09 Normocytic Anaemia - Hypoproliferative
8:49 Normocytic Anaemia - Hyperproliferative
10:04 Normocytic Anaemia - Mixed
10:33 Macrocytic Anaemia - Megaloblastic (Vitamin B12 / Folate Deficiency)
11:48 Macrocytic Anaemia - Non Megaloblastic
12:20 Anaemia Symptoms
13:39 Anaemia Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice. Assessment of anaemia – Diagnosis Approach. Updated 24 September 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/93/diagnosis-approach
MDCalc. Mentzer Index. Published 2017. Available at: https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10534/mentzer-index#evidence
Geeky Medics. Anaemia Overview. Published 3 April 2021. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/anaemia-overview/
StatPearls. Anemia. StatPearls Publishing; last updated 8 August 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/
American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). Evaluation of Anemia in Children. American Family Physician, 2009;79(3):203-208. Available at: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0201/p203/jcr:content/root/aafp-article-primary-content-container/aafp_article_main_par/aafp_figure1.enlarge.html

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Leishmaniasis

Thu, 11 Sep 2025 14:00:00 +0100

A look at Leishmaniasis, including parasitology of the Leishmania parasite, as well as types, Leishmania symptoms and diagnosis as well as treatment.

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Leishmaniasis
0:11 Leishmania Parasitology
0:53 Leishmaniasis Life Cycle
1:55 Leishmania Types
3:10 Leishmaniasis Symptoms
5:39 Leishmaniasis Diagnosis
6:58 Leishmaniasis Treatment

References

MSD Manuals. Leishmaniasis – Diagnosis. Reviewed/Revised December 2022; modified April 2025. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/leishmaniasis#Diagnosis_v1016364
World Health Organization (WHO). Leishmaniasis Fact Sheet. Published 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical Overview of Leishmaniasis. Published 13 March 2024. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/leishmaniasis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
BMJ Best Practice. Leishmaniasis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last updated 2023. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/527

Breast Cancer

Wed, 27 Aug 2025 15:00:00 +0100

Breast Cancer explained clearly, including breast anatomy and symptoms as well as risk factors and types of breast cancer. We look at hormone receptors / HER2 receptor, as well as diagnosis including breast screening and treatment - from surgery to systemic therapies.

PDFs Available: www.rhesusmedicine.com

Timestamps:
0:00 Breast Cancer Definition
0:07 Breast Anatomy
1:57 Breast Cancer Types
4:58 Breast Cancer Symptoms
6:17 Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Epidemiology
7:26 Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Screening
9:26 Breast Cancer Treatment

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):
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References:

TeachMeAnatomy. (2025) Breasts. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/breasts/
BMJ Best Practice. (2025) Primary invasive breast cancer. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/716
MSD Manuals. (2025) Breast cancer. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/breast-cancer/breast-cancer

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Wed, 13 Aug 2025 22:00:00 +0100

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) explained, including most common symptoms (and some less common, like Fitz Hugh Curtis Syndrome!) as well as PID pathology. Also covers diagnosis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease treatment.

PDFs Available Here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
0:23 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pathophysiology
1:46 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Symptoms
3:50 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Causes
4:51 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Diagnosis
6:33 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment

References:

BMJ Best Practice. Pelvic inflammatory disease (2025). Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/195
MSD Manuals. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) (2023). Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid

Stages of Labor

Sun, 27 Jul 2025 15:00:00 +0100

The Stages of Labour explained clearly, including the 3 main stages (and an extra 4th!), as well as covering factors affecting delivery (commonly called the 3 P's) and also includes the Cardinal Movements of Labour - the movements the fetus undertakes during delivery!

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 Definition of Labor
1:09 Stage 1 of Labor
2:49 Stage 2 of Labor
3:27 Stage 3 of Labor
4:35 The Unofficial Stage 4 of Labor
5:03 The 3 P’s
6:39 Cardinal Movements of Labor

PDFs Available Here:
www.rhesusmedicine.com

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Developmental Milestones

Tue, 15 Jul 2025 13:00:00 +0100

Pediatric Developmental Milestones explained including specific milestones from all the way from earliest months to preschool years, with a memory tool to help make them easier to remember.

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 Developmental Milestone Domains
1:07 2 - 12 month Milestones
3:35 15 month - 5 years Milestones
6:34 Developmental Milestones Memory Tool
7:53 Developmental Milestones Red Flags
9:37 Management of Developmental Delay

References

Geeky Medics. Developmental Milestones. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/developmental-milestones/
CHOC Children’s. Ages and Stages. Available at: https://choc.org/ages-stages/
MSD Manual Professional. Childhood Development. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/growth-and-development/childhood-development
Stanford Medicine. Developmental Milestones – MedU. Available at: https://med.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/pediatricsclerkship/documents/5-Developmental-Milestones-MedU.pdf
PedsCases. Developmental Milestones Chart (Updated August 2014). Available at: https://pedscases.com/sites/default/files/SNAPSHOTS_Developmental_Milestones_Chart_UPDATED_Aug_2014.pdf

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Thu, 26 Jun 2025 13:00:00 +0100

Understanding Type 2 Diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus), including Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology, normal glucose homeostasis, Type 2 Diabetes symptoms as well as complications. We also cover Type 2 Diabetes diagnostic criteria as well as treatment.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Type 2 Diabetes?
0:30 Normal Glucose Homeostasis
3:02 Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology
5:37 Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms
9:12 Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology
10:17 Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis
11:43 Type 2 Diabetes Treatment / Management

LINK TO MNEMONICS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Lean, M.E.J., Leslie, W.S., Barnes, A.C., et al., 2018. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet, 391(10120), pp.541–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1
MSD Manuals, n.d. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm
Mogensen, C.E., et al., 2016. Glucose handling by the kidney in health and disease: review of recent findings. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 25(4), pp.292–296. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4952418/
Drugs.com, 2023. What is A1C? Normal vs dangerous levels, and how to lower it. Available at: https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/what-a1c-normal-dangerous-levels-how-lower-3579748/

Chronic Pain

Sat, 14 Jun 2025 21:00:00 +0100

Chronic Pain explained, including a review of pain physiology and pathways, the classification of chronic pain (ICD) as well as chronic pain relief management.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 Definition of Pain / What is Chronic Pain?
0:32 Pain Physiology and Pain Pathways
4:33 Chronic Pain Pathophysiology
5:56 Chronic Pain Classification (ICD)
8:40 Chronic Pain Treatment

References

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). (2020). Chronic Pain. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553030/
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). (2020). IASP Announces Revised Definition of Pain. [online] Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/publications/iasp-news/iasp-announces-revised-definition-of-pain/
Patient.info. (n.d.). Chronic Pain. [online] Available at: https://patient.info/treatment-medication/chronic-pain
TeachMePhysiology. (n.d.). Pain Pathway. [online] Available at: https://teachmephysiology.com/nervous-system/sensory-system/pain-pathway/
BMJ Best Practice. (n.d.). Chronic pain: Aetiology. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/694/aetiology
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 2023. Definitions of chronic pain syndromes. Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/advocacy/definitions-of-chronic-pain-syndromes/

Motion Sickness

Fri, 30 May 2025 13:00:00 +0100

Motion Sickness, often also called Travel Sickness, explained clearly including the main causes, symptoms as well as management options including pharmacological and non pharmacological methods.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Motion Sickness?
0:38 Motion Sickness Pathophysiology
2:35 Motion Sickness Epidemiology
3:04 Motion Sickness Symptoms
3:46 Motion Sickness Diagnosis
5:07 Motion Sickness Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Motion sickness. [online] BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1034
MSD Manuals, 2025. Motion Sickness - Injuries; Poisoning. [online] MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/motion-sickness/motion-sickness

Chagas Disease

Tue, 13 May 2025 13:00:00 +0100

Understanding Chagas Disease, also known as American Trypanosomiasis, including life cycle of T.Cruzi, pathophysiology of Chagas Disease as well as symptoms. We look at diagnostic methods and Chagas Disease treatment options.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Chagas Disease?
1:18 Chagas Disease Life Cycle
2:47 Chagas Disease Pathophysiology
3:42 Chagas Disease Symptoms
6:22 Chagas Disease Diagnosis
8:07 Chagas Disease Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Chagas Disease”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1160?
Marie, C. Petri Jr, W. A, - MSD Manual Pro (2025) “Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/chagas-disease
World Health Organisation (2025) - Chagas Disease (also known as American Trypanosomiasis)”. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)

Dengue Fever (Including Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever & Shock Syndrome)

Tue, 29 Apr 2025 13:00:00 +0100

Understanding Dengue, including virology and Dengue pathophysiology. We also look at the 3 clinical stages of Dengue and how that corresponds with Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome, as well as diagnosis and Dengue treatment options.

Cconsider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Dengue Virus?
0:23 Dengue Virology
1:08 Dengue Epidemiology
1:35 Dengue Pathophysiology
2:27 Dengue Symptoms
4:10 Dengue WHO Classification (Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever / Dengue Shock Syndrome)
5:02 Dengue Diagnosis
7:29 Dengue Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Dengue fever”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1197/
Omar Saeed, Ahmer Asif, Chapter 2 - Dengue virus disease; the origins, Editor(s): Adnan I. Qureshi, Omar Saeed, Dengue Virus Disease, Academic Press, 2020, Pages 9-16, ISBN 9780128182703, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818270-3.00002-3. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128182703000023)

HIV & AIDS

Wed, 16 Apr 2025 09:00:00 +0100

Understanding HIV and AIDS, including HIV virology, epidemiology as well as HIV symptoms (including WHO clinical classification and CDC CD4 count classification). Also covered is diagnosis and treatment including anti retroviral therapy (ART).

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is HIV?
0:28 HIV Microbiology
1:36 HIV Pathophysiology
2:17 HIV Epidemiology
3:17 HIV Symptoms & Clinical Stages
6:25 HIV Diagnosis
8:00 HIV Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “HIV in adults”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/555
Mpiko Ntsekhe, MD, PhD and Jason V. Baker, MD, MSc (2022) - “Cardiovascular Disease Among Persons Living With HIV: New Insights Into Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations in a Global Context”. Available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.057443
Virology Research Services (2022) - “The Virus of the Month - HIV”. Available at https://virologyresearchservices.com/2022/09/04/the-virus-of-the-month-hiv/
Waymack JR, Sundareshan V. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. [Updated 2023 May 3]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537293/
Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. ANNEX 10, WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults, adolescents and children. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK374293/f
Virtual Mentor. 2010;12(3):202-206. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2010.12.3.cprl1-1003. Available at https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/who-clinical-staging-system-hivaids/2010-03

Gambling Disorder

Mon, 17 Mar 2025 14:00:00 +0000

Gambling Disorder (Gambling Addiction or Problem Gambling) explained, a very under-recognised condition. Includes the 9 core symptoms and diagnostic criteria, as well as treatment options.

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Gambling Disorder?
0:38 Gambling Disorder Symptoms
1:40 Gambling Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
2:16 Gambling Disorder Risk Factors
3:12 Gambling Disorder Treatment

References

American Psychiatric Association Hector Colon-Rivera, M.D., CMRO, Kavita Fischer M.D., DFAPA (2024) - “What is Gambling Disorder?”. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gambling-disorder/what-is-gambling-disorder
Menchon JM, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S. An overview of gambling disorder: from treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Res. 2018 Apr 9;7:434. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12784.1. PMID: 30090625; PMCID: PMC5893944. Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5893944/
World Health Organisation (2024) - “Gambling”. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/gambling
Thomas SA, Merkouris SS, Browning CJ, Radermacher H, Feldman S, Enticott J, Jackson AC. The PROblem Gambling RESearch Study (PROGRESS) research protocol: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of psychological interventions for problem gambling. BMJ Open. 2015 Nov 24;5(11):e009385. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009385. PMID: 26603250; PMCID: PMC4663416. Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4663416/

Erectile Dysfunction

Wed, 26 Feb 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Understanding Erectile Dysfunction (ED), a common problem with multiple underlying causes ranging from organic to psychogenic. Includes these causes in more detail, as well as physiology of erections, diagnosis of erectile dysfunction as well as erectile dysfunction treatment options.

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Erectile Dysfunction?
0:17 Erectile Dysfunction Pathophysiology
2:38 Erectile Dysfunction Causes
4:10 Erectile Dysfunction Diagnosis
6:13 Erectile Dysfunction Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Erectile Dysfunction”. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/213/diagnosis-approach
Pranau K. Panchatsharam; Justin Durland; Patrick M. Zito. StatPearls (2023) - “Physiology, Erection”. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513278/
Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Erectile Dysfunction”. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/erectile-dysfunction/

Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)

Wed, 12 Feb 2025 13:00:00 +0000

Understanding Adhesive Capsulitis, more commonly known as Frozen Shoulder. Includes pathophysiology and risk factors, as well as the different stages (Freezing, Frozen and Thawing). Also includes diagnosis and treatment.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Frozen Shoulder?
0:26 Shoulder Anatomy
1:17 Frozen Shoulder Symptoms
3:07 Frozen Shoulder Causes & Pathophysiology
4:00 Frozen Shoulder Diagnosis
5:06 Frozen Shoulder Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Adhesive Capsulitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1043
Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(5):297-300 “Adhesive Capsulitis: Diagnosis and Management”. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0301/p297.html
Physiopedia contributors. Frozen Shoulder [Internet]. Physiopedia, ; 2023 Jun 30, 15:00 UTC [cited 2025 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Frozen_Shoulder&oldid=337801.

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Mon, 27 Jan 2025 13:00:00 +0000

Understanding Hodgkin's Lymphoma, featuring pathophysiology and most common symptoms of Hodgkin's Lymphoma, as well as proposed pathophysiology. Includes classification, diagnosis (with Reed Sternberg Cells), and treatment options.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
2:04 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification
3:20 Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
5:00 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Causes & Pathophysiology
6:10 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Diagnosis
7:45 Reed-Sternberg Cells
9:10 Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging (Lugano and Ann Arbor)
10:05 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Treatment

References:

BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/487
Weerakkody Y, Rizk M, Bell D, et al. Plantar fasciitis. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-22645
Wearing, S - Musculoskeletal Key (2016) - “Anatomy of the Plantar Fascia”. Available at https://musculoskeletalkey.com/anatomy-of-the-plantar-fascia/
Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2020) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/plantar-fasciitis/
Am Fam Physician 2019;99(12):744-750. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p744.html

Plantar Fasciitis

Sat, 25 Jan 2025 15:00:00 +0000

Understanding Plantar Fasciitis, the most common cause for heel / foot pain. Includes most common causes and risk factors, as well as multiple treatment options for plantar fasciitis.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Plantar Fasciitis?
0:34 Plantar Fasciitis Pathophysiology
1:25 Plantar Fasciitis Symptoms
2:16 Plantar Fasciitis Causes and Risk Factors
3:23 Plantar Fasciitis Diagnosis
4:31 Plantar Fasciitis Treatment

LINK TO MNEMONICS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References:

BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/487
Weerakkody Y, Rizk M, Bell D, et al. Plantar fasciitis. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-22645
Wearing, S - Musculoskeletal Key (2016) - “Anatomy of the Plantar Fascia”. Available at https://musculoskeletalkey.com/anatomy-of-the-plantar-fascia/
Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2020) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/plantar-fasciitis/
Am Fam Physician 2019;99(12):744-750. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p744.html

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

Sat, 04 Jan 2025 20:00:00 +0000

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) explained, including pathophysiology, subtype and classification and symptoms. Also covers diagnosis and treatment.

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome?
0:20 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Pathophysiology
1:35 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Symptoms
3:20 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Causes
4:39 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Diagnosis
6:50 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Treatment

References:

BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1052/
Apoorva Jayarangaiah; Forshing Lui; Pramod Theetha Kariyann - Stat Pearls (2023) - “Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507891/
Matthew C. Varon, MD; and Mazen M. Dimachkie, MD - Practical Neurology (2024**) - “**Diagnosis and Treatment of Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome“. Available at https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2024-apr/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-lambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome

Myasthenia Gravis

Sat, 21 Dec 2024 13:00:00 +0000

Understanding Myasthenia Gravis, including pathophysiology and causes. Also features Myasthenia Gravis symptoms (and crisis!), as well as diagnosis and treatment.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Myasthenia Gravis?
0:19 Myasthenia Gravis Pathophysiology
1:38 Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms
3:44 Myasthenia Gravis Causes
4:30 Myasthenia Gravis Diagnosis
6:15 Myasthenia Gravis Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/238
National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/myasthenia-gravis
Rubin, M - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-disorders/myasthenia-gravis
Myasthenia Gravis Foundation Of America - “Cautionary Drugs”. Available at https://myasthenia.org/living-with-mg/mg-emergency-preparedness/cautionary-drugs/
Phillips, D. W (2016) - “Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: update on disease types, models, and mechanisms**”.** Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4926737/
MyastheniaGravis.Com - Available at https://myasthenia-gravis.com/

Functional Neurological Disorder

Fri, 06 Dec 2024 16:00:00 +0000

Functional Neurological Disorder or FND explained, including common symptoms, risk factors and diagnostic criteria. Also includes FND treatment as well as distinguishing features from other conditions.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Functional Neurological Disorder?
0:40 Functional Neurological Disorder Symptoms
1:52 Functional Neurological Disorder Causes and Risk Factors
3:00 Functional Neurological Disorder Diagnosis
4:43 Functional Neurological Disorder DSM V Criteria
5:20 Functional Neurological Disorder Treatment

Links to FND Resources:
https://fndhope.org/
https://neurosymptoms.org/en/

References

BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Functional neurological and somatic symptom disorders”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/989
Prof. J. Stone - Neurosymptoms (2021) - Available at https://neurosymptoms.org/en/
S. C. Lidstone, R. Araújo, J. Stone, B. R. Bloem (2020) - “Ten myths about functional neurological disorder”. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ene.14310
Selma Aybek, David L Perez, **(2022) - “Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder”. Available at https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj.o64
National Institution of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2024) - “Functional Neurologic Disorder”. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

Croup

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 13:00:00 +0000

Understanding Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, including cases, pathophysiology, main symptoms as well as diagnosis and treatment.

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Croup?
0:32 Croup Pathophysiology
1:08 Croup Symptoms
1:56 Croup Diagnosis
2:34 Croup Treatment

References:

Bhatia, R - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Croup”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/croup
Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) - “Croup”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/croup/
BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Croup”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/681

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

An Approach to Vertigo

Mon, 11 Nov 2024 13:00:00 +0000

Vertigo explained, including a way to easily remember the causes of Vertigo, as well as the different symptoms associated and the HINTS exam. Also covers vertigo pathophysiology, as well as the different treatment options for vertigo.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Vertigo?
1:11 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
2:52 Vestibular Migraine
3:52 Meniere’s Disease
5:15 Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness
6:59 Vestibular Neuritis
8:17 Posterior Circulation Stroke
9:24 HINTS Examination Central vs Peripheral Vertigo

References:

Kaylie D, M - MSD Manual Pro (2022) - “Dizziness and Vertigo”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-ear-problems/dizziness-and-vertigo
Hamiter, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “ Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/inner-ear-disorders/benign-paroxysmal-positional-vertigo
Lilien, V - The British Medical Journal (2019) - “Vestibular migraine”. Available at https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4213.full
Meniere’s UK - “Migraine Associated Vertigo”. Available at https://www.menieres.org.uk/information-and-support/symptoms-and-conditions/migraine-associated-vertigo
Hohnen, H - Geeky Medics (2020) - “The Head Impulse, Nystagmus, Test of Skew (HINTS) Examination”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/the-head-impulse-nystagmus-test-of-skew-hints-examination/
Practical Neurology (2016) - “Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): a common, characteristic and treatable cause of chronic dizziness”. Available at https://pn.bmj.com/content/18/1/5
Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Ménière's disease”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/menieres-disease/
Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Vestibular neuronitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/vestibular-neuronitis/

Bronchiolitis vs Viral Induced Wheeze

Fri, 25 Oct 2024 13:00:00 +0100

Summaries of both Bronchiolitis and Viral Induced Wheeze featuring the key points, as well as the main differences between them. Includes pathophysiology, symptoms and treatment for each.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 Bronchiolitis Pathophysiology and Causes
1:10 Bronchiolitis Symptoms
2:25 Bronchiolitis Treatment
03:13 Viral Induced Wheeze Pathophysiology and Causes
4:02 Viral Induced Wheeze Symptoms
5:07 Viral Induced Wheeze Treatment
5:44 Important Differentials

References

Bhatia, R - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Bronchiolitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/bronchiolitis
NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Cough - acute with chest signs in children”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/cough-acute-with-chest-signs-in-children/diagnosis/diagnosis-of-cause/
Zaininger, P - Geeky Medics (2024) - “Viral Induced Wheeze and Asthma”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/viral-induced-wheeze-and-asthma/
Snelson, E - RCEM Learning (2024) - “Coughing, Wheezy and Stridulous Children”. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/foamed/coughing-wheezy-and-stridulous-children/
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia - “Heart Failure in Children”. Available at https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/heart-failure-children

Osteoarthritis

Mon, 14 Oct 2024 13:00:00 +0100

Understanding Osteoarthritis, including pathophysiology, most common symptoms of Osteoarthritis, diagnosis with a mnemonic on X Ray findings as well as Osteoarthritis treatment options.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Osteoarthritis?
0:17 Osteoarthritis Pathophysiology
1:54 Osteoarthritis Symptoms
3:38 Osteoarthritis Causes and Risk Factors
4:48 Osteoarthritis Diagnosis
5:45 Osteoarthritis Treatment

References

Yaseen, K - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Osteoarthritis”. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/joint-disorders/osteoarthritis-oa
BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Osteoarthritis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/192?q=Osteoarthritis
Watson, A - Geeky Medics (20233) - “Hip Anatomy”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/hip-joint
Dahbi, R - Radiopaedia (2020) - “Osteoarthritis (Mnemonic)”. Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-mnemonic

Guillain Barre Syndrome

Mon, 30 Sep 2024 23:00:00 +0100

Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) explained, including GBS pathophysiology and causes, symptoms and how they vary between the GBS subtypes (e.g Miller Fisher, AMAN). Also includes diagnosis and GBS treatment.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Guillain Barre Syndrome?
0:36 Guillain Barre Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:29 Guillain Barre Syndrome Symptoms
4:40 Guillain Barre Syndrome Subtypes
5:38 Guillain Barre Syndrome Causes
6:21 Guillain Barre Syndrome Diagnosis
7:50 Guillain Barre Syndrome Treatment

References

Rubin, M - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/neurologic-disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-disorders/guillain-barré-syndrome-gbs
BMJ Best Practice (2022) - “Guillain-Barre Syndrome”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/176
StatPearls -Thy P. Nguyen; Roger S. Taylor (2023) “Guillain-Barre Syndrome”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532254

Psoriasis - Including Types and Treatment

Mon, 16 Sep 2024 13:00:00 +0100

Psoriasis explained, including the different types and treatment options for each. Also includes psoriasis pathophysiology, causes and aggravating factors.

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Psoriasis?
0:21 Psoriasis Pathophysiology
1:57 Psoriasis Causes and Triggering Factors
3:42 Psoriasis Symptoms & Psoriasis Types
7:28 Psoriasis Diagnosis
8:10 Psoriasis Treatment

References

Jones, C (2023) - DermNetNZ - “Psoriasis”. Available at https://dermnetnz.org/topics/psoriasis
Wu, B (2017) - DermNetNZ - “Drug-Induced Psoriasis”. Available at https://dermnetnz.org/topics/drug-induced-psoriasis
National Psoriasis Foundation (2022) - “Psoriasis: Causes & Triggers”. Available at https://www.psoriasis.org/causes/
British Association of Dermatologists (2018) - “PSORIASIS – AN OVERVIEW”. Available at https://cdn.bad.org.uk/uploads/2021/12/29200253/Psoriasis-an-overview-update-October-2018-Lay-review-October-2018.pdf
Witold Owczarek (2022) - “The role of HLA-Cw6 in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9661405/
Psoriasis Association (2016) - “Types of Psoriasis “. Available at https://www.psoriasis-association.org.uk/media/InformationSheets/Types.pdf
American Academy of Dermatology Association - “Management of Adult Psoriasis with Topicals”. Available at https://assets.ctfassets.net/1ny4yoiyrqia/56bNCO2qMLxBtICdr9biM6/204ac5f5d98243e116bce0b5725b9f92/AAD-Guideline-Topical-Psoriasis-Clinical-Pathway-May-2023-Update.pdf
Hani, Y - (2024) - “Anatomy, Skin (Integument), Epidermis”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470464/#:~:text=The epidermis, the skin's outermost layer, is composed of
Rendon, A (2019) - “Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6471628/#:~:text=Our discussion begins by addressing the inflammatory

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Wed, 28 Aug 2024 13:00:00 +0100

A look at Histrionic Personality Disorder, a Cluster B Disorder in the DSM 5, including the main symptoms and traits, as well as the diagnostic criteria. Also includes treatment approach.

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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps
0:00 What is a Personality Disorder?
0:22 What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?
0:55 Histrionic Personality Disorder Symptoms
2:10 Histrionic Personality Disorder Diagnosis (DSM 5 Criteria)
2:34 Histrionic Personality Disorder Causes & Epidemiology
3:24 Histrionic Personality Disorder Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

Zimmerman, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/histrionic-personality-disorder-hpd
T,J. Torrico - StatPearls (2024) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542325/
PsychDB (2024) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.psychdb.com/personality/histrionic

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Fri, 16 Aug 2024 13:00:00 +0100

Understanding Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), including the 9 core signs and symptoms as well as the DSM 5 criteria for diagnosis. Also includes treatment / management options.

Free Practice Material:
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/k5eIx6VHKWXwmpbUZGSb?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is a Personality Disorder?
0:22 What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
0:39 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Symptoms
2:36 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Diagnosis (DSM 5 Criteria)
3:29 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Causes & Epidemiology
4:17 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Treatment

References

Zimmerman, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/narcissistic-personality-disorder-npd
Ronningstam, E - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Basic Guide for Providers**”.** Available at ****Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Guide for Providers at McLean Hospital
Po Wenger, C (2024) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/narcissistic-personality-disorder
PsychDB (2024) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.psychdb.com/personality/narcissistic
Yu, L.L.L, Huajian, C - (2018) “The Etiology of Narcissism: A Review of Behavioral Genetic Studies”. Available at https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_16?sharing_token=8TalAHCcduvcrHiO1LQzFfe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY7JlesuMlHV_YZiYCFlxHB5LfgxgMqHTxbtyuZ5Jrkn16vlsJ3o4Ybjmi6BrAeCngLOZ2-cRUzkcXhWjh5rg8kyQl63wbG19HsppBGGIdm7QPUNrT94c_9-yf6xTyhYfgs%3D

Sciatica (Including Red Flag Symptoms)

Mon, 05 Aug 2024 13:00:00 +0100

Understanding sciatica, including pathophysiology and causes, as well as red flag symptoms of sciatica, its diagnosis and sciatica treatment.

Free Practice Material:
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/XScCpeACwXr0jlY55I9a?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:04 What is Sciatica?
0:42 Sciatica Pathophysiology
1:21 What causes sciatica?
2:54 Sciatica Symptoms
4:27 Sciatica Red Flag Symptoms
5:16 Sciatica Diagnosis
5:37 Sciatica Treatment

References

Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Sciatica (lumbar radiculopathy)”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/sciatica-lumbar-radiculopathy/
Moley, P.J - MSD Manual (2022) - “Sciatica**”.** Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/neck-and-back-pain/sciatica#Diagnosis_v908535
Teach Me Orthopedics (2024) - “Sciatica**”.** Available at https://teachmeorthopedics.info/sciatica-2/
Davis, D - StatPearls (2024) - “Sciatica”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507908/
Simoens, F - Physiopedia - “Disc Herniation”. Available at https://www.physio-pedia.com/Disc_Herniation

Chronic Cough Causes and Treatment (With Red Flag Symptoms)

Sat, 27 Jul 2024 14:00:00 +0100

Chronic cough causes explained, looking at the differential diagnosis of a chronic cough as well as treatment options. Includes red flag symptoms associated with chronic cough.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a cough?
0:30 Acute vs Chronic Cough
1:38 Causes of a Chronic Cough
4:11 Chronic Cough Red Flags
5:25 Chronic Cough Treatment

References

Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Cough”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/cough/
Parker, S, M - British Thoracic Society (2023) - “British Thoracic Society Clinical Statement on chronic cough in adults**”.** Available at https://thorax.bmj.com/content/78/Suppl_6/s3
Pinto, B (2020) “ACEI-induced cough: A review of current evidence and its practical implications for optimal CV risk reduction**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7670268/

Methods of Contraception

Mon, 15 Jul 2024 13:00:00 +0100

A summary of the main contraceptive methods including the pill, mini pill, implant, injection and intrauterine devices. Also includes a classification to make them easier to remember. We also cover the main features of each and general contraindications.

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Timestamps:
0:00 Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill (The Pill)
4:06 Progesterone Only Pill (POP / Mini Pill)
5:34 Intrauterine System (IUS / Hormonal Coil)
6:59 Progesterone Implant
7:52 Progesterone Injection
9:06 Barrier Methods
9:55 Natural Family Planning
10:24 Copper Intrauterine Device (Cu-IUD)

References

Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Contraception - combined hormonal methods**”.** Available at ****https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/contraception-combined-hormonal-methods/
TeachMeObGyn - Fitzgerald, G, Wes (2023 & 2022) - “Contraception”. Available at ****https://teachmeobgyn.com/sexual-health/contraception/
Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health (2019) “UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (UKMEC**)”**. Available at https://www.fsrh.org/Public/Public/Standards-and-Guidance/uk-medical-eligibility-criteria-for-contraceptive-use-ukmec.aspx?hkey=82727ce6-756b-4b88-a5ab-acaf27c48669
Electronic Medicines Compendium (2024) - “Mirena 20 micrograms/24 hours intrauterine delivery system**”.** Available at https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1132/smpc
Geeky Medics - Beattie, A (2023) “Methods of Contraception”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/methods-of-contraception/

Aortic Stenosis (With Heart Murmur Sound)

Mon, 01 Jul 2024 14:00:00 +0100

Aortic Stenosis explained clearly, including pathophysiology and causes. Also features the aortic stenosis murmur sound, and treatment including TAVI vs SAVR.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Aortic Stenosis?
0:51 Aortic Stenosis Pathophysiology
2:16 Aortic Stenosis Causes
3:39 Aortic Stenosis Symptoms
5:04 Aortic Stenosis Murmur
6:46 Aortic Stenosis Diagnosis
7:10 Aortic Stenosis Treatment - TAVI
08:06 Aortic Stenosis Treatment - SAVR

Heart sounds by:
Professional Skill Builder, Copyright 2005-2015 by The Regents of the University of Michigan (https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/psb_open/html/repo/primer_heartsound/primer_heartsound.html)
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

References

BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/325
Guy P. Armstrong*, MD -* MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/aortic-stenosis
Guillaume Marquis-Gravel, MD, Msc - AHA Journals (2016) - “Medical Management of Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023997

Acute Sore Throat (Differentials and Management)

Mon, 24 Jun 2024 13:00:00 +0100

Acute Sore Throat explained, including different causes including strep throat and peritonsillar abscess, with treatment of each. Also includes common associated symptoms as well as more worrying symptoms and a viral vs bacterial scoring system for acute sore throat.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a sore throat?
0:30 Sore Throat Symptoms
1:50 Tonsillopharyngitis / Acute Pharyngitis / Strep Throat
4:34 Infectious Mononucleosis
5:37 Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)
7:04 Parapharyngeal Abscess & Retropharyngeal Abscess
8:42 Epiglottitis

References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) “Acute Pharyngitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/5/

2. Cheng, A.G - MSD Manual Pro (2024) “Tonsillopharyngitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/oral-and-pharyngeal-disorders/tonsillopharyngitis#Symptoms-and-Signs_v946859

3. Laura Sauve, A - Canadian Paediatric Society (2021) “Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment”. Available at https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/group-a-streptococcal

4. Efi Mantzourani (2022) - “Characteristics of the sore throat test and treat service in community pharmacies (STREP) in Wales: cross-sectional analysis of 11 304 consultations using anonymized electronic pharmacy records”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780525/#:~:text=Acute%20sore%20throat%20is%20a%20common%20presentation%20in,GABHS%20and%20viral%20infections%20is%20less%20accurate.%2011

5. ENTSHO (2022) - “Acute Sore Throat”. Available at https://entsho.com/triage-acute-sore-throat

6. Watkins, R - Geeky Medics (2024) - “Rheumatic Fever”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/rheumatic-fever/

7. Kenneth, M.K - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Infectious Mononucleosis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/herpesviruses/infectious-mononucleosis

8. Cheng, A.G - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Epiglottitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/oral-and-pharyngeal-disorders/epiglottitis

How to Take a Good Medical History

Mon, 10 Jun 2024 13:00:00 +0100

Systematic approach to taking a good medical history, including example structure. Also includes key questions and information to ask, as well as generating a differential and management plan.

Free Practice Material:
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/G5TCwMXZ8xZEXipwAtoG/sepsis-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:25 Before Beginning
1:16 History of Presenting Complaint
4:55 Review of Systems
6:28 Past Medical History
6:59 Drug History
7:46 Social History
8:08 Family History
8:27 Integrating Examination & Investigations
9:05 Diagnosis and Management

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

References

OSCE Stop - “The Medical History”. Available at https://oscestop.education/history-taking/the-medical-history/
University College London (2015-2016) - "Guide to History Taking and Examination”. Available at https://www.ucl.ac.uk/epidemiology-health-care/sites/epidemiology-health-care/files/history-exam.pdf
Geeky Medics (2023) - “Presenting A History - OSCE Guide”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/presenting-a-history-osce-guide/
Oxford Medical Education (2016) - “History Taking - Overview”. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/history/medical-general/
StatPearls - Jonathan R. Nichol; Joshua Henrina Sundjaja; Grant Nelson (2024) “Medical History”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534249/

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Tue, 28 May 2024 13:00:00 +0100

Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder / ASD) explained, including common symptoms, risk factors and DSM 5 diagnostic criteria, as well as treatment options.

Free Practice Material:
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/ioRaCFhMl7O3KeStjXPn/autism-spectrum-diso-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
0:56 Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms (Autism Symptoms)
4:04 Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes
5:16 Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis (Autism Diagnostic Criteria)
7:18 Autism Spectrum Disorder Management (Autism Treatment)

References

BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Autism spectrum disorder**”.** Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/379/
Sulkes, S, B MD - MSD Manual Pro (2024) “Autism Spectrum Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/autism-spectrum-disorder#Diagnosis_v1104819

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Tue, 14 May 2024 13:00:00 +0100

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) explained clearly, including most common obsessions and compulsions, possible causes, diagnostic criteria for OCD as well as OCD treatment.

Free Practice Material:
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/AZ3oKJkYN1rsMm006FEh/obsessive-compulsive-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:24 What is OCD?
1:05 OCD Symptoms
2:08 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Causes
3:12 OCD Epidemiology
3:58 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Diagnosis (OCD Diagnostic Criteria)

References

BMJ Best Practice (2024) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/362
Katharine Anne Phillips, MD, Dan J. Stein, MD, PhD - MSD Manual Pro (2023) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd
Hannah Brock; Manassa Hany - StatPearls (2023) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553162/

Understanding Chlamydia

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 16:00:00 +0100

We take a look at Chlamydia, including the most common signs and symptoms, life cycle, diagnosis as well as treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:24 What is Chlamydia?
0:54 Chlamydia Life Cycle
1:42 Chlamydia Epidemiology
2:20 Chlamydia Symptoms
4:49 Chlamydia Diagnosis
5:27 Chlamydia Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Genital Tract Chlamydia Infection”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/52
Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Chlamydia - Uncomplicated Genital”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/chlamydia-uncomplicated-genital/
Margaret R. Hammerschlag*,* MD, MSD Manual Pro Edition (2023) - “Chlamydia”. Available at Chlamydia - Infectious Diseases - MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com)

Learn Chemotherapy Side Effects in 3 Minutes (Chemo Tox Man)

Tue, 16 Apr 2024 18:00:00 +0100

The Chemotherapy Toxicity Man (Chemo Tox Man), is a memory tool used to easily remember the main dose limiting side effects of various chemotherapies.

Free Practice Material: https://app.wisdolia.com/deck-overview/nYkSPa93LkHe96LS7br8?r=AktEDxk84PSiR5geXURFJtHIG2G2?ref=rhesusmedicine

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Video Timestamps:
0:28 The Chemo Tox Man

References

Diaz, G (2021) - GrepMed “Chemo Man”. Available at https://www.grepmed.com/images/13767/chemo-effects-toxicities-man-side
Busti, A (2019) - “anti-NEO PLASTIC man”. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB6R1SOca8s

Bulimia Nervosa

Wed, 10 Apr 2024 18:00:00 +0100

Bulimia Nervosa explained, including differences between Bulimia and Anorexia, as well as Bulimia symptoms. Also includes Bulimia Nervosa diagnostic criteria and treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Bulimia Nervosa?
0:42 Bulimia Epidemiology
1:21 Bulimia Symptoms
3:55 Bulimia Diagnosis (Bulimia Nervosa DSM 5 Criteria)
4:54 Bulimia Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2023) “Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/441
Di Evelyn Attia, MD, B. Timothy Walsh, MD - MSD Manual Pro (2023) “Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/it/professionale/disturbi-psichiatrici/disturbi-dell-alimentazione/bulimia-nervosa
Cynthia M. Bulik, Ph.D. (2012) “The Changing “Weightscape” of Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010147
Blas Garcia Garcia (2018) “Bilateral Parotid Sialadenosis Associated with Long-Standing Bulimia: A Case Report and Literature Review”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5878158/
The Bulimia Project “Bulimia Diagnostic Criteria”. Available at https://bulimia.com/bulimia-diagnostic-criteria/
Annelies E. van Eeden (2021) “Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8500372/
Guillermo Firman (2020) “Diagnostic Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa (DSM-5)”. Available at https://medicalcriteria.com/web/bulimia/

Anorexia Nervosa

Wed, 20 Mar 2024 17:00:00 +0000

Anorexia Nervosa explained, looking particularly at Anorexia symptoms including criteria for diagnosis. Also includes Anorexia treatment and epidemiology.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Anorexia?
0:19 Who is affected by Anorexia?
1:22 Anorexia Symptoms
3:26 Anorexia Diagnosis
5:10 Anorexia Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2024) Anorexia Nervosa. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/440/
MSD Manual Pro (2022) Anorexia Nervosa. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

Neurological Examination - Upper Limbs

Mon, 04 Mar 2024 13:00:00 +0000

A systematic approach to the Upper Limb Neurological Examination, including key features of Upper vs Lower Motor Neuron lesions, as well as mnemonics and high yield points.

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Timestamps:
0:00 Preparation
0:53 Inspection
2:13 Tone
3:36 Power
6:22 Reflexes
8:13 Co-Ordination
9:15 Sensation
10:31 Concluding the Examination

References

Bargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2024) Upper Limb Neurological Examination. Available at https://geekymedics.com/upper-limb-neurological-examination/
TeachMeSurgery (2022) Upper and Lower Limb Neurological Examination. Available at https://teachmesurgery.com/examinations/neurological/peripheral-neurological/
Oxford Medical Education (2016) Neurological Examination. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/neurological-examination/
Nickon, C - Life in The Fast Lane (2020) Myotomes and Differentiating Nerve Lesions. Available at https://litfl.com/myotomes-and-differentiating-nerve-lesions/

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Mon, 04 Mar 2024 12:00:00 +0000

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) explained clearly, including pathophysiology and risk factors, as well as the diagnostic criteria and treatment options

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea
0:19 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Pathophysiology
1:54 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Caues (Risk Factors)
3:01 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Signs and Symptoms
4:35 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosis
5:51 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment

References

Jennifer M. Slowik; Abdulghani Sankari; Jacob F. Collen. - Stat Pearls (2022) Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459252/
BMJ Best Practice (2023) Obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/215

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Gout

Fri, 01 Mar 2024 12:00:00 +0000

A complete summary of Gout, including how people get Gout (Gout pathophysiology), as well as its causes and signs and symptoms. Also includes diagnostic criteria and gout treatment, including diet changes.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Gout?
0:18 Gout Pathophysiology
1:32 Gout Risk Factors / Causes
3:29 Gout Signs and Symptoms
6:10 Gout Diagnosis
7:35 Gout Treatment

References

Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Gout. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/gout/
Ardy Fenando; Manjeera Rednam; Rahul Gujarathi; Jason Widrich. - StatPearls (2022) Gout. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546606/
Christina George; Stephen W. Leslie; David A. Minter. - StatPearls (2023) Hyperuricemia. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459218/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome & Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS & TEN)

Wed, 28 Feb 2024 12:00:00 +0000

We cover both Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), including their definitions, causes and pathophysiology. Also includes the signs and symptoms, diagnosis and severity scoring, and treatment options.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Stevens-Johnson Syndrome / What is Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis?
0:37 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:15 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Signs and Symptoms
3:23 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Diagnosis
4:39 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2022) Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/237
Julia Benedetti MD - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) ****Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-reactive-skin-disorders/stevens-johnson-syndrome-sjs-and-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis-ten

ECG Interpretation Made Easy - Systematic Approach

Mon, 26 Feb 2024 12:00:00 +0000

A systematic approach to reading an Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) in 5 clear steps that will increase confidence in ECG interpretation.

Primary reference recommended for further reading:
Life In The Fast Lane - https://litfl.com/ecg-library/

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Timestamps:
0:00 ECG – The Basics You Need To Know
1:13 ECG Interpretation – Details and Settings
1:44 ECG Interpretation – Axis
3:02 ECG Interpretation – Rate
4:09 ECG Interpretation – Rhythm
6:39 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (QRS)
8:41 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (ST Segment)
10:09 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (T Waves)
10:58 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (QT Interval)
11:42 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (U Waves)
11:54 Flow Chart
12:18 Important Considerations

References

Life In The Fast Lane - ECG Library. Available at https://litfl.com/ecg-library/
ECG Waves - A Systemic Approach to ECG interpretation: an efficient and safe method. Available at https://ecgwaves.com/topic/systematic-clinical-ecg-interpretation-review-guide/
Oxford Medical Education (2014) ECG (EKG) Interpretation. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/ecgs/ecg-interpretation
Thoracic Key (2020) The ECG in healthy people. Available at https://thoracickey.com/the-ecg-in-healthy-people-2/
MedSchool - Basics of ECG Interpretation. Available at https://medschool.co/tests/ecg-basics

Epistaxis (Nosebleeds)

Sat, 24 Feb 2024 12:00:00 +0000

A look at nosebleeds (Epistaxis), including the most common causes and pathophysiology, possible consequences, and epistaxis management including nasal first aid, second line therapies and surgery.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Epistaxis?
0:13 Epistaxis Pathophysiology
1:01 Epistaxis Causes (Nosebleed Causes)
2:07 Epistaxis Diagnosis
2:55 Epistaxis Treatment (Nosebleed Treatment Including Nosebleed First Aid)

References

ENT SHO (2022) Epistaxis. Available at https://entsho.com/epistaxis
Ayesha Tabassom; Julia J. Dahlstrom - Stat Pearls (2022) Epistaxis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435997/.)

Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)

Thu, 22 Feb 2024 13:00:00 +0000

Wilson's Disease explained (Hepatolenticular Degeneration), including its pathophysiology and genetics, signs and symptoms, diagnosis (with criteria!) and treatment options.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Wilson’s Disease
0:21 Wilson’s Disease Pathophysiology
2:06 Wilson’s Disease Symptoms
3:37 Wilson’s Disease Causes
4:07 Wilson’s Disease Diagnosis
5:46 Wilson’s Disease Criteria (Leipzig Score)
6:20 Wilson’s Disease Treatment

References:

BMJ Best Practice (2024) Wilson’s Disease. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/427/
Larry E. Johnson - MSD Manual Pro (2023) Wilson Disease. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/mineral-deficiency-and-toxicity/wilson-disease
Gaillard F, Deng F, Weerakkody Y, et al. (2020) Face of the giant panda sign (midbrain). Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/face-of-the-giant-panda-sign-midbrain
Wu, Fei & Wang, Jing & Pu, Chunwen & Qiao, Liang & Jiang, Chunmeng (2015) Wilson’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Molecular Mechanisms. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Copper-is-delivered-by-HCTR1-to-cytosol-where-it-mainly-binds-to-Atox1-Atox1-transfers_fig2_276910514

Neurological Examination - Lower Limbs

Mon, 12 Feb 2024 13:00:00 +0000

A systematic approach to the Lower Limb Neurological Examination, including mnemonics and high yield points.

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Timestamps:
0:00 Preparation
0:49 Inspection
2:01 Tone
3:48 Power
5:29 Reflexes
7:23 Co-Ordination
9:32 Sensation
10:50 Concluding the Examination

References

Oxford Medical Education (2016) Neurological Examination. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/neurological-examination/
Newman, G. - MSD Manual Pro (2023) How to Assess Muscle Strength. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/neurologic-examination/how-to-assess-muscle-strength
Bargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2010) Lower Limb Neurological Examination – OSCE Guide. Available at https://geekymedics.com/lower-limb-neurological-examination/
M. Flower, M. Rose and J. Stern - MRCPUK (2019) Nervous system examination for PACES. Available at https://www.mrcpuk.org/sites/default/files/documents/Nervous system examination for PACES (002).pdf
Hector A. Gonzalez-Usigli - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Tremor. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/movement-and-cerebellar-disorders/tremor
Teach Me Orthopedics (2023 ) The Deep Tendon Or Muscle Stretch Reflexes. ****Available at https://teachmeorthopedics.info/the-deep-tendon-or-muscle-stretch-reflexes/

Multiple Sclerosis

Fri, 02 Feb 2024 10:00:00 +0000

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) reviewed, including its subtypes, pathophysiology and risk factors. We also look at Multiple Sclerosis symptoms, as well as the diagnosis and treatment.

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Revised McDonald’s Criteria (2017): https://www.va.gov/MS/Professionals/diagnosis/Updated_McDonald_Criteria_2017.pdf

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Multiple Sclerosis?
0:24 Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology
2:37 Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms
3:41 Multiple Sclerosis Types
5:24 Multiple Sclerosis Causes and Risk Factors
7:06 Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis
8:00 Multiple Sclerosis Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/140
NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/multiple-sclerosis/
Multiple Sclerosis Centers of Excellence (2021) Summary of 2017 McDonald Criteria for the Diagnosis of MS. Available at https://www.va.gov/MS/Professionals/diagnosis/Updated_McDonald_Criteria_2017.pdf
Dawood Tafti (2022) Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499849/

Blood Gas Interpretation

Thu, 01 Feb 2024 10:00:00 +0000

A systematic approach to blood gas interpretation (blood gas analysis) in 6 main steps, including some extra tips.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What does a blood gas show?
0:34 Systematic Approach - 1) Details
1:05 Systematic Approach - 2) Partial Pressures
3:05 Systematic Approach - 3) Haemoglobin
4:09 Systematic Approach - 4) pH -General
5:30 Systematic Approach - 5) pH - Specific
7:34 Systematic Approach - 6) pH- Compensation
8:15 Systematic Approach - 7) Lactate
9:24 Systematic Approach - 8) Electrolytes & Glucose
9:57 Blood Gas Pearls

References

David A. Kaufman - American Thoracic Society Interpretation of Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs). Available at https://www.thoracic.org/professionals/clinical-resources/critical-care/clinical-education/abgs.php
Oxford Medical Education (2014) Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) interpretation for medical students, OSCEs and MRCP PACES. Available at **https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/abgs/abg-interpretation/
Gillian Kelly - Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2021) Arterial Blood Gas Analysis. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/arterial-blood-gas-analysis/
Nickson, C - Life in the Fast Lane (2020) Anion Gap. Available at https://litfl.com/anion-gap/
Scott A Helgeson (2017) Normal carboxyhaemoglobin level in carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Available at https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2017/bcr-2017-221174
SKYLER LENTZ - Emergency Physician Monthly (2019) Blood Gases: ABG vs. VBG. Available at https://epmonthly.com/article/blood-gases-abg-vs-vbg/
Yarstev, A - Deranged Physiology (2023) Concentration of total haemoglobin in the ABG sample. Available at https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter 122/concentration-total-haemoglobin-abg-sample

Multiple Myeloma

Wed, 31 Jan 2024 10:00:00 +0000

A look at Multiple Myeloma (including MGUS), covering pathophysiology as well as signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma (CRAB criteria). Also includes the diagnostic criteria and treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Multiple Myeloma?
0:21 Multiple Myeloma Pathophysiology
1:34 Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
2:57 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms
5:59 Multiple Myeloma Causes & Risk Factors
6:51 Multiple Myeloma Diagnosis
7:11 Multiple Myeloma Diagnostic Criteria
7:38 Multiple Myeloma Treatment

References

James R. Berenson - **MSD Manual Pro (2023) Multiple Myeloma. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/plasma-cell-disorders/multiple-myeloma
Sara A. Albagoush; Cameron Shumway; Alexandre M. Azevedo (2023) Multiple Myeloma. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534764
International Myeloma Foundation (2021) What Are MGUS, Smoldering Multiple Myeloma, and Active Myeloma? Available at https://www.myeloma.org/what-are-mgus-smm-mm
S. Vincent Rajkumar (2022) Smoldering multiple myeloma current treatment algorithms. Available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-022-00719-0/
Sumana Kundu (2022) Multiple Myeloma and Renal Failure: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management. Available at https://www.cureus.com/articles/86261-multiple-myeloma-and-renal-failure-mechanisms-diagnosis-and-management#!/

Pneumonia

Tue, 30 Jan 2024 10:00:00 +0000

A look Pneumonia, including Community vs Hospital Acquired Pneumonia and the pathophysiology. We also cover the signs and symptoms as well as the diagnosis, Pneumonia treatment and the main antibiotics used.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Pneumonia?
0:55 Community Acquired Pneumonia
1:47 Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
2:25 Pneumonia Pathophysiology
3:28 Pneumonia Symptoms (Signs and Symptoms)
4:14 Pneumonia Diagnosis
5:51 Pneumonia Treatment

References

Sethi, S - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Overview of Pneumonia. Available at*:* https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pneumonia/overview-of-pneumonia
NICE (2019) Pneumonia (hospital-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng139
BMJ Best Practice (2022) Pneumonia (Overview). Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1113
Raghavendra R. Sanivarapu; Joshua Gibson (2023) Aspiration Pneumonia. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470459/
Vardhmaan Jain; Rishik Vashisht; Gizem Yilmaz; Abhishek Bhardwaj (2023) Pneumonia Pathology. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526116/

Haemochromatosis

Mon, 29 Jan 2024 13:00:00 +0000

Haemochromatosis explained, including iron physiology and haemochromatosis pathophysiology, as well as the various genetic causes of hereditary haemochromatosis. We also look at the main symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatment options.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Haemochromatosis?
0:15 Haemochromatosis Pathophysiology
2:24 Hereditary Haemochromatosis Genetics
3:53 Causes of Secondary Haemochromatosis
4:11 Haemochromatosis Symptoms
6:18 Haemochromatosis Diagnosis
7:58 Haemochromatosis Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2023) Haemochromatosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/134
Hamilton, J - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/hereditary-hemochromatosis
Hamilton, J. - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Overview of Iron Overload. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/overview-of-iron-overload
Hamilton, J - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Secondary Iron Overload. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/secondary-iron-overload
British Society for Haematology (2021) Guidelines for the monitoring and management of iron overload in patients with haemoglobinopathies and rare anaemias. Available at https://b-s-h.org.uk/guidelines/guidelines/guidelines-for-the-monitoring-and-management-of-iron-overload-in-patients-with-haemoglobinopathies-and-rare-anaemias
Tsutomu N. (2017) Diagnosis and Clinical Implications of Diabetes in Liver Cirrhosis: A Focus on the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686620/

Approach to Fever in Children

Fri, 19 Jan 2024 12:00:00 +0000

Fever in children and infants is a common presenting complaint. We look at the potential causes of fever in children as well as red flag symptoms. Also includes fever pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a fever?
0:44 Fever Pathophysiology
1:35 How does Fever help fight infections?
1:59 Fever vs Hyperthermia
2:20 Most Common Causes of Fever in Children
3:45 Signs and Symptoms
5:44 Spotting the Unwell Child
6:41 Diagnosis of Fever in Children
8:47 Treatment of Fever in Children

References:

BMJ Best Practice (2023) Assessment of fever in children. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/692/diagnosis-approach
NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Feverish Children Risk Assessment and Management. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/feverish-children-risk-assessment-management/
NICE (2019) Traffic light system for identifying risk of serious illness in under 5. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng143/resources/support-for-education-and-learning-educational-resource-traffic-light-table-pdf-6960664333
Consolini, D - MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Fever in Infants and Children. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/fever-in-infants-and-children
Meningitis Now Meningitis symptoms in children. Available at https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/signs-and-symptoms/signs-and-symptoms-children/
Upton D. Allen - Canadian Paediatric Society (2018) The use of antiviral drugs for influenza: Guidance for practitioners. Available at https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/antiviral-drugs-for-influenza

10 Common ECG Patterns & Abnormalities

Thu, 18 Jan 2024 12:00:00 +0000

We look at the most common ECG rhythms and patterns seen in Medicine, including main identifying features of each.

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Recommended sources for further reading:
https://litfl.com/ecg-library/
https://ecgwaves.com/

Timestamps:
0:00 Sinus Rhythm (Sinus Tachycardia & Sinus Bradycardia
1:06 Atrial Fibrillation 2:35 – AF video link
2:38 Atrial Flutter
4:26 Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVCs) & Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)
5:40 Bundle Branch Block (LBBB & RBBB)
6:41 1st Degree AV Block
7:03 2nd Degree AV Block - Mobitz 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz 2 (Hay)
7:39 3rd Degree Heart Block (Complete Heart Block) 8:15 Heart Block Video Link
8:19 Ventricular Tachycardia & Ventricular Fibrillation
10:20 ST Elevation

References:

Nickson, C - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) Atrial Fibrillation. Available at https://litfl.com/atrial-fibrillation/
Buttner, R. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) Atrial Flutter. Available at https://litfl.com/atrial-flutter-ecg-library/
Larkin, J. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2021) AV Block: 1st Degree. Available at https://litfl.com/first-degree-heart-block-ecg-library/
Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2021) AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz I (Wenckebach Phenomenon). Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-i-wenckebach-phenomenon/
Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz II (Hay block). Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-ii-hay-block/
Larkin, J. Buttner, R. - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) AV Block: 3rd Degree. Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-3rd-degree-complete-heart-block/
Buttner, R. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) Ventricular Tachycardia – Monomorphic VT. Available at https://litfl.com/ventricular-tachycardia-monomorphic-ecg-library/
Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) The ST Segment. Available at https://litfl.com/st-segment-ecg-library/
British Heart Foundation Atrial Flutter and Atrial Fibrillation. Available at https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/ask-the-experts/atrial-flutter
ECG Waves The ECG Book. Available at https://ecgwaves.com/course/the-ecg-book/

Trigeminal Neuralgia

Wed, 17 Jan 2024 13:00:00 +0000

Trigeminal Neuralgia explained, including symptoms, causes, pathophysiology as well as diagnosis (with criteria) and treatment options.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?
0:15 Trigeminal Neuralgia Pathophysiology
1:30 Trigeminal Neuralgia Symptoms
2:31 Trigeminal Neuralgia Causes
3:04 Trigeminal Neuralgia Diagnosis
4:33 Trigeminal Neuralgia Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2023) Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/209/
NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/trigeminal-neuralgia/
Julie G. Pilitsis, MD, PhD, Olga Khazen - American Association of Neurological Surgeons -Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at https://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Trigeminal-Neuralgia
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/trigeminal-neuralgia

The Cranial Nerve Examination

Sun, 14 Jan 2024 14:00:00 +0000

Cranial Nerve Examination explained, including individual nerve functions as well as mnemonics to remember Cranial Nerve names and function!

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Timestamps:
0:00 Preparation
0:59 Cranial Nerve Mnemonics
1:42 General Inspection
2:04 Cranial Nerve 1 (Olfactory Nerve)
2:52 Cranial Nerve 2 (Optic Nerve)
5:05 Pupillary Reflexes
7:20 Cranial Nerve 3 (Oculomotor) Cranial Nerve 4 (Trochlear) & Cranial Nerve 6 (Abducens)
9:11 Cranial Nerve 5 (Trigeminal Nerve)
10:49 Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)
12:29 Cranial Nerve 8 (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
12:58 Cranial Nerve 9 (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) & Cranial Nerve 10 (Vagus Nerve)
14:26 Cranial Nerve 11 (Spinal Accessory Nerve)
14:47 Cranial Nerve 12 (Hypoglossal Nerve)
15:17 Concluding the Examination

References:

Sanders, K. - Teach Me Anatomy (2022)“Cranial Nerves”. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/cranial-nerves/
Oxford Medical Education (2015) “Cranial Nerve Examination”. Available at: https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/cranial-nerve-examination/
M. Flower, M. Rose and J. Stern - MRCP (2019) “Nervous System Examination”. Available at: https://www.mrcpuk.org/sites/default/files/documents/Nervous system examination for PACES (002).pdf
Bargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2010) - “Cranial Nerve Examination - OSCE Guide”. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/cranial-nerve-exam/

The Cardiovascular System Examination

Tue, 02 Jan 2024 13:00:00 +0000

A review of the Cardiovascular System Examination, involving a systematic approach to help remember the key points, including trickier parts to remember like the JVP and Osler's Nodes vs Janeway Lesions.

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Timestamps:
0:00 Cardiovascular System Exam Structure
0:25 Preparation - WIPE Mnemonic
0:57 Cardiovascular System Assessment - General Inspection
1:44 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Specific Inspection
6:18 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Auscultation
8:28 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Palpation and Percussion
10:24 Concluding the Examination

References

Kennedy, S. PACES Medical Education Leeds (2023) Cardiovascular Examination. Available at https://www.medicaleducationleeds.com/paces/cardiovascular-examination/
OSCE Stop. Cardiac Examination. Available at https://oscestop.education/clinical-examination/cardiac-examination/
Baliga, R. R (2001) 250 Cases in Clinical Medicine. Available at https://archive.org/details/250casesinclinic0000bali_03ed
Potter, L. Geeky Medics (2023) Cardiovascular Examination. Available at https://geekymedics.com/cardiovascular-examination-2/

Cystic Fibrosis

Thu, 14 Dec 2023 12:00:00 +0000

Cystic Fibrosis explained, including Cystic Fibrosis pathophysiology, as well as its common symptoms. We also cover how Cystic Fibrosis is diagnosed (including newborn screening, sweat testing and genetic testing) as well as Cystic Fibrosis treatment (with CFTR modulators!).

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1

Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Cystic Fibrosis?
0:53 Cystic Fibrosis Pathophysiology
5:55 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms
7:19 Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis
9:29 Cystic Fibrosis Treatment

References

BMJ Best Practice (2023) Cystic Fibrosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/403
MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Cystic Fibrosis. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/cystic-fibrosis-cf/cystic-fibrosis
Fenker, D (2018) A Comparison between Two Pathophysiologically Different yet Microbiologically Similar Lung Diseases: Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6322854/
Cystic Fibrosis Trust (2022) UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry 2021 Annual Data Report. Available at https://www.cysticfibrosis.org.uk/news/key-findings-from-the-2021-cf-registry-report
Elaine Yu; Sandeep Sharma (2022) Cystic Fibrosis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493206/
British Lung Foundation. Cystic Fibrosis statistics. Available at https://statistics.blf.org.uk/cystic-fibrosis
Andrea H. Roe (2021) Gynecologic health care for females with cystic fibrosis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8607192/

Diverticular Disease (Diverticulosis & Diverticulitis)

Sun, 03 Dec 2023 16:00:00 +0000

Diverticular Disease explained, including differences between diverticulosis and diverticulitis, diverticular disease pathophysiology as well as signs and symptoms of each. Also includes diagnosis, and diverticular disease treatment.

Consider subscribing to YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Diverticular Disease? (Diverticulitis vs Diverticulosis)
0:31 Diverticular Disease Pathophysiology
2:04 Diverticular Disease Symptoms
4:03 Diverticular Disease Diagnosis
4:47 Diverticular Disease Treatment

References

MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Diverticular Disease. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/diverticular-disease
BMJ Best Practice (2023) Diverticular Disease. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000089

Approach to Psychiatric History Taking

Sun, 03 Dec 2023 16:00:00 +0000

Psychiatric history taking has some clear differences from typical medical history taking. Here is an approach to help you remember the main points that need to be covered in a Psychiatry History Taking.

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Timestamps:
0:05 General Approach
0:43 5S’s - Symptoms
2:31 5S’s - Social
3:24 5S’s - Substances
3:52 5S’s - Psychosis
5:07 5S’s - Self Harm / Suicide

References:

Psych DB (2022) The Psychiatric Interview. Available at https://www.psychdb.com/teaching/1-psych-interview
OSCE Stop (2023) Psychiatric history. Available at https://oscestop.education/history-taking/psychiatric-history/
Speller, J - Geeky Medics (2023) Psychiatric History Taking – OSCE Guide. Available at https://geekymedics.com/psychiatric-history-taking-osce-guide/
Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2021) Psychosis and schizophrenia. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/psychosis-schizophrenia/

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Sun, 03 Dec 2023 16:00:00 +0000

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) explained, including COPD pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, COPD diagnosis and treatment (with GOLD recommendations).

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1

Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
0:20 Normal Anatomy & Breathing Physiology
1:06 COPD Pathophysiology
3:20 COPD Causes
3:56 COPD Symptoms
6:08 COPD Exacerbations & Complications
6:52 COPD Diagnosis
8:58 COPD Treatment - Exacerbation
9:52 COPD Treatment - Stable

References

MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-and-related-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd
BMJ Best Practice (2023) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/7/
Pandirajan, K. - TeachMePhysiology (2023) Mechanics of Breathing. Available at https://teachmephysiology.com/respiratory-system/ventilation/mechanics-of-breathing/
Anuj K. Agarwal (2023) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ****Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559281/
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (2023). 2023 GOLD REPORT. Available at https://goldcopd.org/2023-gold-report-2/

Menopause

Sat, 02 Dec 2023 11:00:00 +0000

A look at menopause including its definition and physiology, as well as the common symptoms of menopause, the diagnosis and menopause treatment (including hormone replacement therapy).

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is the Menopause?
0:35 Menopause Physiology
1:43 Menopause Causes (Other than natural)
3:06 Menopause Symptoms
4:59 Menopause Diagnosis
6:18 Menopause Treatment
7:15 Menopause Treatment (Hormone Replacement Therapy)

References

BMJ Best Practice (2023) Menopause. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/194/
Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Menopause. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/menopause/
MSD Manuals Pro (2023) Menopause. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menopause/menopause
Hyun-Kyung Kim (2015) The Recent Review of the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4561742/
Lumen Learning The Ovarian Cycle, the Menstrual Cycle, and Menopause. Available at https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/the-ovarian-cycle-the-menstrual-cycle-and-menopause/
British Menopause Society (2023) Education. Available at https://thebms.org.uk/

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Sat, 02 Dec 2023 11:00:00 +0000

We cover Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), including signs and symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome, its pathophysiology as well as the diagnostic criteria (Rotterdam criteria). We also look at Polycystic Ovary Syndrome treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
0:17 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:42 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Symptoms
4:25 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Diagnosis (Rotterdam Criteria)
6:33 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Treatment

References:

Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/
BMJ Best Practice (2023) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/141
Lorena I. Rasquin; Catherine Anastasopoulou; Jane V. Mayrin (2022) Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

Congenital Heart Disease

Sat, 02 Dec 2023 10:00:00 +0000

A look at the main forms of congenital heart disease including Left to Right Shunts (VSD,ASD, Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Anomalous Pulmonary Vein Connections) and Right to Left Shunts (Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Ebsteins Anomaly).

Heart Sounds by:
Easy Auscultation https://www.easyauscultation.com/heart-sounds
License https://drive.google.com/file/d/1alTtvcl4sXTwPLhTYIxRps-deCVbGQRz/view?usp=drive_link

Volumes altered - no other changes made.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Congenital Heart Disease?
0:20 Types of Congenital Heart Disease Overview
1:07 Normal Anatomy & Physiology
1:43 Left to Right Shunting Pathophysiology (Eisenmenger’s Syndrome)
3:04 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
5:25 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
7:35 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
11:16 Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections (APVC)
13:53 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
14:49 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
16:02 Ebstein’s Anomaly
17:45 Aortic Coarctation

References:

BMJ Best Practice (2023) Congenital Heart Disease. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1308/details
Arvanitaki, A (2020) Eisenmenger syndrome: diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management. Available at **https://heart.bmj.com/content/106/21/1638
Remien, K & Majmunda, S.H (2023) Physiology, Fetal Circulation. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539710/
MSD Manuals Pro. Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

Fri, 01 Dec 2023 15:00:00 +0000

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) explained, including subtypes such as Hypermobile EDS and Vascular EDS. We look at the hypermobility criteria (including Beighton score), as well as Ehlers Danlos Syndrome treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Ehlers Danlos Syndrome?
0:25 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Pathophysiology
1:17 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Causes
1:50 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Symptoms and Signs
4:17 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Diagnosis
6:15 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Treatment

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Red Flags for Back Pain Mnemonic

Fri, 01 Dec 2023 15:00:00 +0000

Back pain is extremely common, but these red flag symptoms help identify serious causes of back pain that require further investigation, using the mnemonic TUNA FISH.

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Timestamps:
0:00 Sinister Causes of Back Pain
0:48 TUNA FISH

References

Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2021) Acute Lower Back Pain. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/lower-back-pain/
Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2023) Silver Trauma. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/foamed/silver-trauma/
Radiopaedia (2021) Red Flags of Low Back Pain (Mnemonic). Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/red-flags-of-low-back-pain-mnemonic
GP Notebook (2022) Tuna Fish (Back Pain and Red Flags). Available at https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20201229132328621058
Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Back Pain - Low (Without Radiculopathy). Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/back-pain-low-without-radiculopathy/diagnosis/assessment/

Learn Heart Murmurs in 10 Minutes (With Heart Murmur Sounds)

Fri, 01 Dec 2023 15:00:00 +0000

A systematic approach to describing heart murmurs, as well as summaries on the main valve disorders causing murmurs with corresponding audio.

Heart sounds by:
Professional Skill Builder, Copyright 2005-2015 by The Regents of the University of Michigan (https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/psb_open/html/repo/primer_heartsound/primer_heartsound.html)
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Easy Auscultation: https://www.easyauscultation.com/heart-sounds
License: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1alTtvcl4sXTwPLhTYIxRps-deCVbGQRz/view?usp=drive_link

Volumes altered - no other changes made.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a heart murmur?
1:30 Aortic Stenosis
2:42 Aortic Stenosis Murmur Audio
4:33 Aortic Regurgitation
5:02 Aortic Regurgitation Murmur Audio
6:03 Mitral Stenosis
6:34 Mitral Stenosis Murmur Audio
7:03 Mitral Regurgitation
7:26 Mitral Regurgitation Murmur Audio
7:50 Pulmonary Stenosis
8:16 Pulmonary Stenosis Murmur Audio
8:44 Pulmonary Regurgitation
9:22 Pulmonary Regurgitation Murmur Audio
9:28 Tricuspid Stenosis
9:54 Tricuspid Stenosis Murmur Audio
10:10 Tricuspid Regurgitation
10:23 Tricuspid Regurgitation Murmur Audio

References:

Amboss (2023) Cardiovascular Examination. Available at https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/cardiovascular-examination/
Zhang, G & Cadogan, M - Life in the Fast Lane (2020) Aortic Regurgitation Eponymythology. Available at ****https://litfl.com/aortic-regurgitation-eponymythology/
Lome, S - Healio S2 Heart Sound Topic Review. Available at https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/s2-heart-sound
MSD Manuals Pro (2023) Available at Search results for: murmur - MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com)
Yartsev, A - Deranged Physiology (2018) Haemodynamic Changes During a Mechanical Breath. Available at https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter 524/haemodynamic-changes-during-mechanical-breath#:~:text=During early expiration,preload increases%2C and afterload decreases
Geeky Medics Heart Murmurs. Available at https://geekymedics.com/heart-murmurs/
Ibrahim O, Sibbald M, Szczeklik W, Leśniak W. Heart Auscultation. McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine. Kraków: Medycyna Praktyczna. Available at https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.107

Urinary Tract Infections

Fri, 01 Dec 2023 12:00:00 +0000

Understanding Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), including complicated vs uncomplicated UTI, symptoms, diagnosis and UTI treatment. Also covers Urinary Tract Infection pathophysiology.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a UTI?
1:00 Urinary Tract Infection Pathophysiology
2:57 UTI Causes & Risk Factors
5:07 UTI Symptoms
6:19 UTI Diagnosis
7:11 UTI Treatment

References:

MSD Manuals Pro (2023) Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections & Urinary Tract Infections Overview. Available at Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) - MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com)
Czajkowski, K (2021) Urinary tract infection in women. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8077804/
Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Urinary tract infection (lower) - women, Pyelonephritis - acute, Urinary tract infection (lower) - men. Available at Urinary tract infection (lower) - men | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE Pyelonephritis - acute | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE Urinary tract infection (lower) - women | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE
British National Formulary (2023) Urinary Tract Infections. Available at https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summaries/urinary-tract-infections/

Understanding Sepsis

Fri, 01 Dec 2023 11:00:00 +0000

Sepsis explained, including the most common causes as well as sepsis pathophysiology. Also includes the SIRS criteria and SOFA scores, and the sepsis treatment through sepsis 6.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Sepsis?
1:19 Sepsis Pathophysiology
3:55 Sepsis Causes & Sepsis Risk Factors
5:21 Sepsis Symptoms
5:55 Sepsis Diagnosis – SIRS Criteria
6:28 Sepsis Diagnosis – SOFA Score
7:56 Sepsis Treatment (Sepsis 6)

References:

BMJ Best Practice (2023) Sepsis In Adults. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000098
Bullock, B (2023) Bacterial Sepsis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537054/
Stearns-Kurosawa, D.J (2017) The Pathogenesis of Sepsis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684427/
Greer, J.R (2015) Pathophysiology of cardiovascular dysfunction in sepsis. Available at https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/15/6/316/356327