• Ovarian fibroma  
• Thecoma  
• Luteinized thecoma associated with sclerosing peritonitis  
• Sclerosing stromal tumor  
• Microcystic stromal tumor  
• Signet-ring stromal tumor  
• Leydig cell tumor  
• Steroid cell tumor  
• Ovarian fibrosarcoma  

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• Adult granulosa cell tumor  
• Juvenile granulosa cell tumor  
• Sertoli cell tumor  
• Sex cord tumor with annular tubules  
• Mixed sex cord-stromal tumors
• Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor 
• Sex cord-stromal tumor NOS 
• Gynandroblastoma 

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• Large solitary luteinized follicle cyst 
• Hyperreactio luteinalis 
• Autoimmune Oophoritis
• Endometriosis (and Deciduosis)
• Stromal Hyperplasia and Hyperthecosis
• Massive Edema and Fibromatosis 

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1. Most common malignant ovarian germ cell tumor
2. Adolescents and young adults (mean age 19)
3. Solid, lobulated, fleshy white-tan mass
4. Nests of polygonal cells separated by fibrous septa
5. Lymphocytic infiltrate within septa
6. IHC: positive for OCT4, SALL4, and CD117 (KIT)
7. Main differential diagnosis: lymphoma and solid yolk sac tumor

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1. Rare in pure form; usually mixed
2. Children and young adults
3. Elevated hCG and/or AFP
4. Solid, hemorrhagic, and necrotic mass
5. Large pleomorphic cells with prominent nucleoli
6. IHC: positive for CD30, OCT4, and SALL4
7. Main differential diagnosis: dysgerminoma and yolk sac tumor

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• Malignant tumor containing embryonic-type tissues
• Typically large, solid-and-cystic mass with necrosis
• Presence of immature neuroepithelial tubules and rosettes
• Grading based on the quantity of immature neuroectoderm
• Frequent mitoses and single-cell apoptosis
• Associated with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein
• Potential for extraovarian spread, such as gliomatosis peritonei

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1. Second most common malignant germ cell tumor
2. Elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
3. Friable, hemorrhagic, solid and cystic mass
4. Reticular or microcystic pattern is most common
5. Schiller-Duval bodies are pathognomonic but variable
6. IHC: positive for SALL4 and glypican-3; negative for CD30
7. Main differential diagnosis: clear cell carcinoma and embryonal carcinoma

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• 84% are low grades.
• 73% with low tumor budding.
• 71% pure, (the remainder are mixed).
• 63% in the right colon; 22% in the sigmoid.
• 45% with more intraepithelial lymphocytes.
• 36% with K-Ras and B-Raf V-600E, mutation.
• 20% with nodal metastasis.

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• Asymptomatic or present with dysphagia, odynophagia, or regurgitation
• Longitudinal sloughing with intact underlying mucosa on endoscopy
• Superficial epithelial necrosis with intraepithelial splitting
• Two-toned squamous epithelium: necrotic surface over viable basal layer
• Minimal inflammatory response despite extensive sloughing

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• Squamous Cell Bladder Carcinoma (SCC)
• Non-bilharzial-associated SCC (NB-SCC)
• Bladder adenocarcinomas
  • Primary bladder adenocarcinoma
  • Secondary bladder adenocarcinoma
  • Intestinal/enteric bladder adenocarcinoma
  • Clear cell adenocarcinoma
  • Signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma
• Urachal adenocarcinoma
  • Mucinous urachal adenocarcinoma
  • Enteric urachal adenocarcinoma
  • Signet-ring cell urachal adenocarcinoma
  • Non-urachal bladder adenocarcinoma
• High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma
  • Pure small cell carcinoma (SmCC)
  • Mixed histology SmCC (with UC, adenocarcinoma, or SCC)
• Bladder sarcomas
  • Leiomyosarcoma of the bladder
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Angiosarcomas
• Urothelial Carcinoma (UC) variants
  • Urothelial with squamous differentiation
  • Urothelial with glandular differentiation
  • Plasmacytoid/signet ring and lymphoma-like
  • Undifferentiated
  • Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas
  • Clear cell variant
  • Lipid cell variant
  • Sarcomatoid or carcinosarcoma variants
  • Micropapillary Urothelial Carcinoma (mUC)
  • Nested Urothelial Carcinoma (nUC)
  • Carcinosarcoma (CS)

Content solely for training and education purposes.

• Squamous Cell Bladder Carcinoma (SCC)
• Non-bilharzial-associated SCC (NB-SCC)
• Bladder adenocarcinomas
  • Primary bladder adenocarcinoma
  • Secondary bladder adenocarcinoma
  • Intestinal/enteric bladder adenocarcinoma
  • Clear cell adenocarcinoma
  • Signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma
• Urachal adenocarcinoma
  • Mucinous urachal adenocarcinoma
  • Enteric urachal adenocarcinoma
  • Signet-ring cell urachal adenocarcinoma
  • Non-urachal bladder adenocarcinoma
• High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma
  • Pure small cell carcinoma (SmCC)
  • Mixed histology SmCC (with UC, adenocarcinoma, or SCC)
• Bladder sarcomas
  • Leiomyosarcoma of the bladder
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Angiosarcomas
• Urothelial Carcinoma (UC) variants
  • Urothelial with squamous differentiation
  • Urothelial with glandular differentiation
  • Nested variant
  • Microcystic variant
  • Micropapillary variant
  • Plasmacytoid/signet ring and lymphoma-like
  • Undifferentiated
  • Lymphoepithelioma-like
  • Clear cell variant
  • Lipid cell variant
  • Sarcomatoid or carcinosarcoma variants
• Plasmacytoid Urothelial Carcinoma (pUC)
• Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinomas
• Micropapillary Urothelial Carcinoma (mUC)
• Nested Urothelial Carcinoma (nUC)
• Nested Variant of Urothelial Carcinoma (NVUC)
• Large Nested Urothelial Carcinoma (LNUC)
• Carcinosarcoma (CS)

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• Reactive and Reparative Bone
• Fractures
• Cement Lines
• Entheses
• Osteonecrosis
• Degenerative Joint Disease
• Loose Bodies
• Superficial Subarticular Insufficiency Fractures
• Rapidly Progressive/Rapidly Destructive Arthritis
• Metabolic Bone Disease
• Infections (Osteomyelitis and Bone Abscesses)
• Marrow Fibrosis
• Non-neoplastic Soft Tissue Abnormalities
• Morton's Neuroma
• Traumatic Neuroma
• Soft Tissue Masses that May Simulate Tumors
• Gout
• Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
• Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease/Tumoral Calcinosis
• Neuropathic Joint/Charcot Joint

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1. Small duct iCCA: Mass forming. mucin-poor. CRP positive. BAP1, IDH1/2 mutation, and FGFR2 fusion.
2. Large duct iCCA:  geographic infiltrative. mucin-producing columnar epithelium. S100P-positive. Mutations in K -ras and SMAD4.
3. Cholangioblastic cholangiocarcinoma: Women. young age. neuroendocrine-like cytology. inhinbin-positive. and NIPBL-NACC1 gene fusion.

Young women. bimorphic cytology. positive for inhibin-A. unique NIPBL-NACC1 gene fusion.

• Histologically similar to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but arises outside the liver. 
• Most commonly arise in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreaticobiliary system. 
• Hepatocellular differentiation marked by positive immunostains for heppar-1, arginase-1,  CD10 in canalicular pattern, and, to a greater extent, alfa-fetal protein and glypican-3. 
• Largely classified as a form of adenocarcinoma rather than a specific entity. 
• In contrast to hepatocellular carcinoma, they are positive for SALL-4, and CK19. 
• Overall they are aggressive malignant neoplasm. 

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•  Well circumscribe solid nodule near ovarian hylum 
• Fusion of cytoplasm to form nuclear-free zones is a key feature 
• Cytoplasmic Reinke crystals and lipochrome pigments 
• Fibrinoid material in blood vessels 
• Typically positive for inhibin, calretinin, and mellan-A 

• 1.  Mucinous borderline tumor (MBT).
• 2.  MBT with microinvasion.
• 3.  MBT with intraepithelial carcinoma.
• 4.  Mucinous carcinoma with destructive infiltrative invasion.
• 5.  Mucinous carcinoma with confluent/expansile invasion. 

Ovarian mucinous carcinoma must be distinguished from metastatic carcinoma with mucinous differentiation.

• AIP-1: AIP-1 belongs to the group of IgG4-related diseases histologically characterized by storiform cellular fibrosis, obliterative phlebitis, and periductal chronic inflammation rich in IgG4-positive plasma cells.
• AIP-2:  AIP-2: also known as idiopathic duct-centric pancreatitis, characterized by Ductal inflammation with intraepithelial neutrophils (so-called, granulocytic epithelial lesion), luminal neutrophilic abscesses, extensive fibrosis, but no apparent storiform or hypercellularity. 

• Histologically similar to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but arises outside the liver. 
• Most commonly arise in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreaticobiliary system. 
• Hepatocellular differentiation marked by positive immunostains for heppar-1, arginase-1,  CD10 in canalicular pattern, and, to a greater extent, alfa-fetal protein and glypican-3. 
• Largely classified as a form of adenocarcinoma rather than a specific entity. 
• In contrast to hepatocellular carcinoma, they are positive for SALL-4, and CK19. 
• Overall they are aggressive malignant neoplasm. 

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• Exceedingly rare, benign peripheral lung tumor
• Predominantly in man with wide age range
• Circumscribed peripheral nodule
• Papillary, fibrovascular cores
• Single layer of bland lining epithelium
• Positive for TTF1 and cytokeratins
• Main differential diagnoses include alveolar adenoma, and adenocarcinoma
• Complete resection curative

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• Rare benign proximal endobronchial tumor   
•  Airway obstruction symptoms common 
•  Exophytic, mucoid endobronchial nodules
•  Cystic, acinar, tubular architecture   
•  Bland mucous cell lining, no atypia 
•  Positive for keratin, EMA, and CEA; low Ki-67 proliferation index
•  Main differential diagnosis: mucoepidermoid carcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma 
• Cured by complete resection

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• Rare benign lung tumor usually found incidentally 
•  Mean age 60s, slightly more in women
•  Mucin-filled cyst lined by bland mucinous epithelium 
•  No atypia, invasion, or necrosis
•  Cytokeratin positive, and TTF1 negative 
•  Differential diagnosis include: Metastatic adenocarcinoma, colloid carcinoma, bronchogenic cyst.
•  Cured by complete surgical excision

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• Localized adenocarcinoma, ≤3 cm, 
•  Ground glass nodule  on CT 
•  Lepidic growth of tumor cells along alveolar walls  
•  Bland cytology without invasion  
•  ≥50% EGFR mutation rate  
•  100% 5yr disease-free survival after complete resection

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• Mucosal mast cell assessment for unexplained GI symptoms or suspected systemic mastocytosis.
• In systemic mastocytosis, 62% exhibit endoscopic abnormalities; 66% biopsies confirm involvement (colon, ileum, duodenum).
• Specific architectural patterns and high mast cell counts support systemic GI mastocytosis.
• Clinical indications for assessment: Suspected systemic mastocytosis, unclear symptoms with abnormal endoscopic findings, markedly elevated serum IgE levels.