In this episode, we discuss a comprehensive approach to osteoporosis. Written by: Dr. Sharon Pritchard. Reviewed by: Dr. Nadine Vaninetti (Endocrinology) and Dr. Peter Gregory (General Internal Medicine).

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In this episode, we discuss how to recognize and manage Behçet Disease. Written by Dr. Oswald Chen (Internal Medicine Resident). Reviewed by Dr. Alexa Smith, (Rheumatologist) and Dr. Allen Tran, (General Internist).

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In this episode, we discuss how to identify and manage the acute complications of sickle cell disease. Written by Dr. Yi Hui Luo (Internal Medicine Resident). 
Reviewed by Dr. Véronique Naessens (Hematologist) and Dr. Sanabelle Zaabat (General Internist). 

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In this episode, we discuss drug induced ILD, reviewing its diagnostic criteria and management. Written by: Dr. Reenika Aggarwal. Reviewed by: Dr. Joshua Wald (Respirology) and Dr. Andrew Cheung (General Internal Medicine). 

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In this episode, we discuss alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, reviewing key topics including the SERPINA1 gene, disease manifestations, testing, and an overview of augmentation therapy. Written by: Dr. Navjeet Baath. Reviewed by: Dr. Rebecca Amer (Respirology) and Dr. Arden Azim (General Internal Medicine). 

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In this episode, we break down everything you need to know about coronary angiography. Written by: Dr. Luke MacLeod. Reviewed by: Drs. Michael Ward and Alison Lai.

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In this episode, we discuss an approach to cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Written by: Dr. Saif Samari. Reviewed by Dr. Helen Neighbour (Respirology) and Dr. Connor Cox (General Internal Medicine).

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In this episode, we discuss an overview of lung transplantation, from the process itself to the associated medications and potential complications. Written by: Dr. Yi Tao Chan. Reviewed by Dr. Ciaran Scallan and John Neary.

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In this episode, we discuss an approach to acute fatty liver disease of pregnancy. Written by: Christina Chavenet. Reviewed by Liang Chen (Critical Care) and Nathalie Nathoo (General Internal Medicine, Obstetric Internal Medicine). 

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In this episode, we discuss an approach to tricuspid regurgitation. Written by: Dr. Phelopater Sedrak. Reviewed by Dr. Mena Gewarges (Cardiology) and Dr. Eric Kaplovitch (General Internal Medicine).

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In this episode, we discuss an approach to psoriatic arthritis. Written by: Dr. Inara Mawji. Reviewed by Dr. Tanveer Towheed (Rheumatology) and Dr. Don Thiwanka Wijeratne (General Internal Medicine).

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In this episode, we discuss an approach to myelofibrosis, including a review of new treatment agents that just received approval in Canada in 2025! Written by: Dr. Ayesha Warsi. Reviewed by: Drs. Zachary Leiderman, Clarissa Skorupski, and Ryan Luther.

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In this episode, we discuss an approach to gastrointestinal stromal tumor, with a focus on its physiology, work-up, and management. Written by: Dr. Lotus Alphonsus. Reviewed by: Dr. Gary May. 

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In this episode, we discuss an approach to familial hypercholesterolemia, with a focus on different screening, diagnostic, and treatment thresholds based on one's individual risk. Written by: Dr. Nour Marafie. Reviewed by: Dr. Morris Schweitzer  and Dr. Matthew Ades.

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In this episode, we discuss an approach to male hypogonadism, including an exploration of the medical field's fascination with testosterone over the past millennia. Written by: Dr. Jim TC Chen. Reviewed by: Dr. Robyn Houlden and Dr. Kenneth Kwong.

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In this episode, we discuss an approach to inflammatory eye disease, with a focus on uveitis, scleritis, and episcleritis. Written by: Dr. Oswald Chen. Reviewed by: Dr. Alexa Smith and Dr. Allen Tran.

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In this episode, we discuss an approach to using point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS), with 3 cases to take you through the steps of acquiring images and using them to refine your differential and management. Written by: Dr. Phelopater Sedrak. Reviewed by: Dr. Rushil Chaudhary and Dr. Kim A. Connelly.

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In this episode, we cover the history of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis, as well as an approach to their diagnosis and management. Written by: Dr. Mario Corrado. Reviewed by: Dr. Alina Blazer and Dr. David Fox. 

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In this episode, Dr. Maya Stein and Dr. Valerie Kim chat about that daunting but exciting transition from junior to senior medical resident, as they share personal reflections but also general strategies and specific local educational initiatives at the University of Toronto. 

Episode written by Dr. Maya Stein, Dr. Valerie Kim (Internal Medicine)
Reviewed by Dr. Lindsay Melvin (Internal Medicine) 

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After almost 10 years of running The Intern at Work, the founding members and executive team are ready to hand over the podcast to a new producing team featuring Drs. Valerie Kim, Maya Stein and Annie Wu. Tune in to listen to how The Intern at Work started, and the future directions it might take. 

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This week we have a physiology heavy hitter - we review cardiac hemodynamics and how to translate those principles into the use and application of PA catheters. 

Written by: Dr. Paul Mundra (Internal Medicine Resident) 

Reviewed by: Dr. Craig Ainsworth (Cardio-Intensivist) & Dr. Hugh Traquair (General Internist) 

Don't forget to use code FIGSCA for 20% off your first purchase! 

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In this episode, our host Dr. Arjun Pandey (Internal Medicine Resident) interviews special guest Dr. Stefan Jevtic (Hematology Fellow) on hematologic conditions in pregnancy. They discuss the clinical presentation, investigations and management of thrombocytopenia, anemia, VTE and other hematologic conditions in pregnancy. Be sure to tune into www.cbcmadeeasy.com to reinforce your knowledge!

Hosted by: Dr. Arjun Pandey (Internal Medicine Resident)

Special Guest: Dr. Stefan Jevtic (Hematology Fellow)

Produced by: Dr. Arjun Pandey and Dr. Zahra Merali

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Learn all about an approach to gastric cancer for the internist! 

Episode written by Dr. Gurjit Mander (Internal Medicine)
Reviewed by by Dr. Arjun Kundra (Gastroenterology) and Dr. Genevieve Chick (General Internal Medicine)
Infographic by Dr. Gurjit Mander

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This week we take you through a common and challenging symptomatology experienced by patients who have dementia - behavioural and psychosocial symptoms in dementia, or BPSD. 

Written by: Dr. Rafique Van Umm (Internal Medicine Resident) 

Reviewed by: Dr. Tricia Woo (Geriatrician) & Dr. Marianne Talman (General Internist) 

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In this episode, we discuss the pathophysiology, clinical features and diagnostic approach to Adult Onset Still's Disease. Our medicine minute discusses the Yamaguchi Criteria for diagnosis of Adult Onset Still's Disease.

Written by: Dr. Samira Adus (Internal Medicine Resident)

Reviewed by: Dr. Kimberly Legault (Rheumatology) and Dr. John Neary (General Internal Medicine)

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In this episode, Dr. Matthew Fuda (Internal Medicine Resident) discusses the 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: Executive Summary with Dr. Karen Konieczny (Cardiologist, Electrophysiologist).

Host: Dr. Matthew Fuda

Special Guest: Dr. Karen Konieczny (Cardiologist, Electrophysiologist)

Producers: Drs. Valerie Kim and Matthew Fuda

Sound editing: Dr. Alison Lai

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Dr. Laiya Carayannopoulos & Dr. Mike Fralick connect to bring you another crossover episode, this time covering new studies on therapies for bronchiectasis and posterior circulation stroke. Take a listen and let us know what you think! 

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Why do our patients need pacemakers and what should you know about them? Written by Dr. Alyssa Chow (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Steve Montague (General Internal Medicine) and Dr. Aws Almufleh (Cardiology). Infographic Alyssa Chow and Sapirya Birk (Medical Student). 

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Today we're introducing a new format—the first episode in our Clinical Practice Guidelines series. This week, Drs. Mike and John Fralick discuss the 2025 ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Coronary Syndrome. Here we go! 

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Today we dive into the life-saving (and often intimidating!) technology known as ECMO. 

Written by: Dr. Pavan Malhi (Internal Medicine Resident)

Reviewed by: Dr. Liang Chen (General Internist & Critical Care Medicine Fellow) & Dr. Jed Lipes (Intensivist, General Internist)

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Episode 112 - Top Papers from the 2025 American College of Cardiology (ACC) Session

Welcome back Rounds Table Listeners! We are back today with a special Rapid Fire Podcast! This week, Drs. Mike and John Fralick discuss top papers from the 2025 American College of Cardiology (ACC) Annual Scientific Session. Hot off the presses, here we go!

1. Extended Reduced-Dose Apixaban for Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism (0:00 - 5:55)
2. Dapagliflozin in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Implantation (DapaTAVI) (5:56 - 9:51)
3. Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes (9:52 - 14:04)
4. Semaglutide and walking capacity in people with symptomatic peripheral artery disease and type 2 diabetes (STRIDE) (14:05 - 18:36)

The Good Stuff:

• The Studio TV series on Apple (18:37 - 19:11)
• Cardiology Trial Files (19:12 - 20:40)

Questions? Comments? Feedback? We’d love to hear from you! @roundstable @InternAtWork @MedicinePods

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There's more to falls than meets the eye! Learn all about an approach to this extremely common problem in our older adult population. 

Episode written by Dr. Annabel Chan (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Sudeep Gill (Geriatric Medicine) and Dr. Marie Leung (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Julia Simone (Medical Student).

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In this episode, we review the macrovascular and microvascular complications of longstanding diabetes. Our medicine minute discusses the ADVANCE trial published in 2008 and the DAPA-CKD trial published in 2020.

Written by: Dr. Nour Marafie,  Internal Medicine Resident

Reviewed by:  Dr. Melissa-Rosina Pasqua, endocrinologist and Dr. Jennifer Wright, general internal medicine

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For patients w/ myocardial infarction & anemia, at what hemoglobin should you transfuse? Tune into Rounds Table where Dr. Mike Fralick interviews Dr. Jeffrey Carson to discuss his individual patient data meta-analysis published in NEJM Evidence. 

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In this episode, we review the pathophysiology, symptompatology and treatment options for individuals with chronic pain. In addition, we review how to take a pain history to help differentiate between different types of pain. Our medicine minute discusses the SPACE trial. 

Written by: Dr. Lakindu Somaweera (Internal Medicine Resident)

Reviewed by: Dr. Hasitha Welihinda (Palliative Care Specialist) and Dr. Lindsay Anderson (General Internist)

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In this episode, we have Dr. Lisa Dubrofsky (Nephrology, University of Toronto) speaking about the KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Host: Dr. Catherine Leurer (Geriatrics Fellow)
Sound editing by:  Krzystof Kowalik

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In this episiode, Dr. Sheliza Halani interview Dr. Jameel Abdulrehman (Hematology, Thrombosis) about the latest recommendations in the  CHEST 2021 Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report

Host: Dr. Sheliza Halani
Guest: Dr. Jameel Abdulrehman, Hematologist, Assistant Professor at University of Toronto
Sound Editing: Alison Lai

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In this episode, Dr. Maya Stein interviews Dr. Kevin Singh about the 2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiac Risk Assessment and Management for Patients Who Undergo Noncardiac Surgery.

Produced and Hosted By: Dr. Maya Stein (Internal Medicine resident)
Special Guest: Dr. Kevin Singh (General Internist)
Sound Editing by: Dr. Alison Lai (General Internist)

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In this episode, Dr. Sheliza Halani speaks with Dr. Kevin Venus (General Internist) about the 2020 update to the Hypertension Canada Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Treatment of Hypertension.

Host: Dr. Sheliza Halani
Sound Editing: Dr. Alison Lai
Producers: Dr. Catherine Leurer and Dr. Sheliza Halani

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This week, Dr. Mike Fralick and special guest, Dr. Laiya Carayannopoulos from the Intern at Work Podcast and our Medicine Pods collaboration, discuss two recent papers exploring oxygenation in acute respiratory failure and the use of ablation versus anti-arrhythmic medication for ventricular tachycardia. Two papers, here we go!

1. High-Flow Nasal Oxygen vs Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure: The RENOVATE Randomized Clinical Trial (0:00 – 14:45).
2. Catheter Ablation or Antiarrhythmic Drugs for Ventricular Tachycardia (14:45 – 22:55).

And for the Good Stuff:

• Medicine Pods! (22:55 – 23:51).
• Sign-up to our mailing list to receive link to attend the Royal College Epidemiology Crash Course hosted by Dr. Mike Fralick

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Dr. John Fralick sits down with Dr. Nicole Hawe, a first-year Internal Medicine resident at the University of British Columbia, to discuss her third place winning clinical vignette from the Canadian Society of Internal Medicine Annual Meeting 2024.

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Dr. Laiya Carayannopoulos sits down with Nick Sanchez (MD student) to discuss his second place winning clinical vignette from the Canadian Society of Internal Medicine Annual Meeting. He takes us through a fantastic case of upper GI bleeding! 

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Dr. Zahra Merali (Host) sits down with Dr. Shaima Kaka (Internal Medicine resident) to discuss her first place winning clinical vignette (oral case report) from the Canadian Conference of Medicine Annual Meeting 2024. They discuss a curious case of hyperglycaemia and jitters! 

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Happy Holidays Rounds Table Listeners! For our penultimate episode of 2024, we are back with a special treat! This week, Drs. Mike and John Fralick chat about the top five RCTs published over the past year:

1. Finerenone in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction (0:00 – 3:40).
2. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity (3:40 – 9:00).
3. Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (9:00 – 13:55).
4. Tirzepatide for Metabolic-Dysfunction Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis (13:55 – 20:00).
5. Antibiotic Treatment for 7 versus 14 Days in Patients with Bloodstream Infections (the Balance Trial) (20:00 – 23:30).

And for the Good Stuff:

• Toronto Star Santa Claus Fund, Calgary Food Bank, Epilepsy Canada (23:30 – 24:51).

Questions? Comments? Feedback? We’d love to hear from you! @roundstable @InternAtWork @MedicinePods

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As a result of the rapid adoption CAR-T therapy for certain lymphoid malignancies and multiple myeloma, of these treatments, CRS and ICANS will become more common in IM wards in the coming years. Take a listen to learn about how to treat this emerging condition. 

This episode was written by Dr. Veronica Ramirez (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Kelly Davison (Hematology) and Dr. Blair Schwartz (General Internist and Intensivist). Infographic by Neeloufar Grami (medical student).

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Take a listen to learn everything there is to know about this less common GI diagnosis- GAVE! Written by Dr. Zuhal Mohmand (Internal Medicine resident) and reviewed by Dr. Elizabeth Squirell (Gastroenterologist), Dr. Michelle Ricci (Gastroenterologist) and Dr. Heather Johnson (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Sapriya Birk (Medical Student). 

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 Written by: Dr. Tharaniya Vallipuram (Internal Medicine Resident) & Dr. Liang Chen (General Internal Medicine & ICU Fellow) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Jed Lipes (Intensivist & General Internist) & Dr. Evan Wong (Intensivist & General Surgeon)

Don't forget to check out Episode 238 - Tracheostomy 101 before listening to this week's episode on tracheostomy associated emergencies!

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In this episode, Dr. Maya Stein (General Internal Medicine fellow) interviews Dr. Beth Abramson (Cardiologist) on the 2022 CCS guidelines for peripheral arterial disease. 

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In this episode, Dr. Sheliza Halani interviews Dr. Nisha Andany (Infectious Diseases) about the latest guidelines regarding the epidemiology, clinical presentation, investigations, treatment and prevention of PJP. 

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Written by: Dr. Yining (Nancy) Chen (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Shaun Ong (Respirologist) & Dr. Lori Wik (General Internist)

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Let's talk about the BCR:ABL negative MPNs! Written by Dr. Sarah Ge (Internal Medicine Resident), reviewed by Dr. Christopher Hillis @HemeHillis (Hematology) and Dr. John Neary @jddneary (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert @DrFlashHeart (Internal Medicine Resident).

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Written by: Dr. Roslyn Mainlaind (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Lindsay Anderson (General Internist) & Dr. Karine Gauthier (Hematologist)

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Take a listen to our live recording of The Canadian Conference of Internal Medicine Top papers of the year 2024 session! 
We talk about recent studies involving alzheimer's dementia, community acquired pneumonia, atrial fibrillation, MASLD and long covid. 

Host: Dr. Zahra Merali, Expert: Dr. Rajender Hanmiah. 

Check out www.medicinepods.com for a live video recording. You can also see a link to each paper there. 

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In this episode, we discuss the clinical presentation, work-up, and treatment of CMML. Our medicine minute discusses emerging evidence on the use of ruxolitinib for CMML treatment. 

Written by: Dr. Elliot Smith (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Stephanie Lee (Hematology and Oncology) and Dr. Christophe Langois (General Internal Medicine)

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Up to 30% of all healthcare offers no clinical value to patients. Reducing this care has the co-benefit of decreasing healthcare's carbon footprint. 

In this special CSIM episode, host Dr. Zahra Merali sits down with guests Dr. Billy Silverstein @WKSilverstein (General Internist, University of Toronto) and Dr. Owen Luo @OwenLuo5 (Internal Medicine Resident, McGill University) to discuss 4 of the Choosing Wisely Canada’s climate-conscious recommendations (https://choosingwiselycanada.org/climate/).  They were integral in creating these recommendations, and have a wealth of practical tips about how we can implement them into our own practice! 

Infographic by Julia Simone (medical student). 

If you have not heard Part 1- make sure to go back and listen to other Canada-wide experts in this area.

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In the final part of our series leading up to CSIM Dr. Mike Fralick of the Rounds Table sits down with Dr. Raj Hanmiah to discuss the papers that didn't make the cut for the top papers of the year. Join us as we record live at CSIM during the Top Papers breakfast session on October 17th for the reveal of the top 5 of the year! 

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There are everyday practices we can stop or reduce that don’t add value to patient care and harm the environment.

In this special CSIM episode, host Dr. Zahra Merali sits down with guests Dr. Mathilde Gaudreau @MathildeGSimard (General Internist, University of Ottawa), Dr. Nabha Shetty (General Internist, Dalhousie University) and Dr. Valeria Stoynova (General Internist, Island Health/UBC Island Medical Program) to discuss 4 of the Choosing Wisely Canada’s climate-conscious recommendations (https://choosingwiselycanada.org/climate/).  They were integral in creating these recommendations, and have a wealth of practical tips about how we can implement them into our own practice!

Infographic by Julia Simone (medical student).  Keep tuning in to hear the rest of our CSIM special episodes and join us & the Planetary Health team as they present at CSIM! @CSIMSCMI

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In this episode, we review the screening, monitoring and treatment approaches to patients with diabetes in pregnancy. Our medicine minute reviews the MiTy trial - a landmark randomized controlled trial that provided direct safety data on the use of metformin in pregnancy.

Written by: Dr. Ryan Peters (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Katherine Steckham (General Internist, Obstetric Medicine fellow) and Dr. Amanda Huynh (General Internist, Obstetric Medicine)

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In part two of our series leading up to CSIM Dr. Zahra Merali sits down with Dr. Raj Hanmiah to discuss the papers that didn't make the cut for the top papers of the year. Keep tuning in to hear the rest and join us as we record live at CSIM during the Top Papers breakfast session on October 17th for the reveal of the top 5 of the year! 

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In this episode, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, investigations and treatment of ITP. Our medicine minute discusses the Harrington-Hollingsworth Experiment. 

Written by: Dr. Vanessa Giuliano (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Drs. Taylor Dear and Zachary Liederman (Hematology) and Dr. Kevin Venus (General Internal Medicine)
Infographic by: Dr. Lilly Yu (Internal Medicine Resident)

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In the first of our series leading up to CSIM we sit down with Dr. Raj Hanmiah to discuss the papers that didn't make the cut for the top papers of the year. Keep tuning in to hear the rest and join us as we record live at CSIM during the Top Papers breakfast session on October 17th for the reveal of the top 5 of the year! 

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In this episode, we discuss the history, epidemiology, clinical presentation, investigations and management for invasive aspergillosis. 

Written by: Dr. Ravinder Sandhu (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Terrence Ho (Respirology) and Dr. John Neary (General Internal Medicine)
Sound Editing by: Tony Walsh

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In this episode, we discuss the history, related legislation and procedures regarding Medical Assistance in Dying. This episode discusses the state of Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada in 2024. We encourage listeners to continue to be up-to-date on the local legislation and practices. 

Written by: Dr. Valerie Kim (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Mark Bonta (Internist) and Dr. Kayla Wolofsky (Internist, Palliative Care)

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This week, Dr. Laiya Carayannopoulos from the Intern at Work Podcast and Dr. Mike Fralick from The Rounds Table, our new Medicine Pods collaboration, discuss two recent papers exploring the novel management of two rare diseases – ATTR Amyloidosis and Hereditary Angioedema. 

Two papers, here we go!

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"Bad Gut Feeling" Medical & Surgical Management of The Hospitalized IBD Patient. This ask a fellow kicks off our first episode of the new academic year with one of our Queens site leads, Michael Scaffidi (Internal Medicine Resident) hosts Dr. Fiona Milne @not_shreks_wife (Gastroenterology fellow) and Dr. Daniel Potter (General Surgery Resident). Reviewed by Dr. Elizabeth Squirell (Gastroenterologist and IBD specialist) and Dr. Sunil Patel (Colorectal Surgeon). 

Infographic by Sapriya Birk. 

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Welcome to Medicine Pods! Your one stop shop for everything internal medicine, prn. Find us at www.medicinepods.com to find everything from The Intern at Work, The Rounds Table, Everything You Need To Know and Trial Files all in one place. 

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For this year's special episode, we sat down with Dr. Mark Soth of the Loonie Doctor and Money Scope to talk about approaching creating a healthy financial future for yourself as a resident and beyond. 

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Written by: Dr. Vijay Gupta (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Sabe De (Cardiologist) and Dr. Karen Geukers (General Internist)

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Written by Dr. Isaac Bonisteel (Internal Medicine). Reviewed by Dr Phil Laird (General Internal Medicine and Critical Care) and Dr. Dan Howes (Critical Care). Infographic by Sapriya Birk (Medical Student)

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In this episode, we review the acute presentation of hepatorenal syndrome. We review the nomenclature, epidemiology, clinical presentation, investigations and management of hepatorenal syndrome. Our medicine minute reviews the utility of terlipressin in treatment of HRS. 

Written by: Dr. Elias Hazan (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by:  Dr. Cynthia Tsien (Transplant Hepatologist) and Rupal Shah (General Internal Medicine)
Sound Editing by: Tony Walsh

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In this episode, we provide a broad introduction to tracheostomies. This includes indications and contraindications, tracheostomy equipment, procedural options and potential complications of tracheostomies. The medicine minute discusses the TRACMAN trial published in JAMA in 2013. 

Written by: Drs . Tharaniya Vallipuram (Internal Medicine Resident) and Liang Chen (General Internal Medicine & ICU Fellow)
Reviewed by: Drs. Peter Goldberg (Intensivist, Respirologist) and Jed Lipes (Intensivist, General Internist)
Sound Editing by: Tony Walsh

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In this episode, we discuss the presentation, typical timing of onset, investigations and treatment for individuals with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. We also discuss the potential complications of ICP. 

Written by: Dr. Kristina Wade (Internal medicine resident)
Reviewed by:  Dr Giada Sebastiani (Hepatologist) and Dr Camille Simard (GIM/Ob Med)

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How can we best prevent diabetic related complications before surgery? Learn all about it in this weeks perioperative episode. This episode was written by Dr. Michael Wong (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Robyn Houlden (Endocrinology) and Dr. Kristen Marosi (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Dr. Valarie Kim (Internal Medicine Resident). 

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Written by: Dr. Lori Israelian (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Eva Piessens (Infectious Diseases) & Dr. Jessica Huynh (General Internal Medicine) 

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In this episode, we discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of familial mediterranean fever (FMF). Our medicine minute discusses the history of colchicine use in FMF. 

Written by: Dr. Sara Choi (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Zijing Wu (General Internist) and Dr. Marie Clements-Baker (Rheumatologist)
Sound editing by: Tony Walsh

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You may know an approach to anemia, or thrombocytopenia...but what about when all cell lines are down? Take a listen to our hematology focused episode of pancytopenia!
Written by Jia Li (Lily) Liu (Internal Medicine Resident) and Dr. Owen Dan Luo (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Laura Habib (Hematologist-Oncologist), and Dr. Natasha Nathoo (Internist). 
Infographic by Dr. Valerie Kim (Internal Medicine Resident) 

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In today's episode we take you through our approach to a disease with a wide array of clinical presentations and evolving treatment landscape - hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. 
Written by: Dr. Kate Haichin (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Michael Chetrit (Cardiologist) & Dr. John Angelopoulos (General Internist) 

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Do you know you valvulopathies? Learn everything there is to know about mitral stenosis! This episode was written by Dr. David Ji (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Murray Kornbluth (Cardiology) and Dr. Samuel Mamane (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Julie Simone (Medical Student). 

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This week we go through the ultimate in rare diagnoses - PNH. We talk about when to suspect it, how patients may present, and an approach to treatment and management. Bonus points if you can correctly guess how many attempts it took to pronounce "phosphatidylinositol!" 

Written by: Dr. Angela Dong (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Helena Dhamko (Hematologist) & Dr. Rupal Shah (General Internist)

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Welcome to Part 2 of our collaboration with #NephMadness! This week we sit down with Dr. Jeff Kott (Nephrologist and Critical Care Fellow) from the NephMadness Exec to discuss the latest and greatest in hyponatremia correction rates.  

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We partnered up with the NephMadness team to release two special episodes on hyponatremia. In this one we take you through a new(er) approach to hyponatremia and its workup. Stay tuned later this week for our Ask a Fellow episode where we cover the latest and greatest controversy on rates of correction! 
Written by: Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Jeffrey Kott (Nephrologist & ICU Fellow) and Dr. Laiya Carayannopoulos (Intensivist & Internist) 

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In both the developed and underdeveloped world, it's important to be aware of common nutritional deficiencies and their manifestations in our adult patients! This episode was written by: Dr. Igor Sljivic (Internal Medicine Resident). Reviewed by: Dr. Andrew Appleton (General Internal Medicine) and Dr. Marko Markobrada (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by: Julia Simone (Medical Student)

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This week we take you through a disease that can truly affect just about every organ system - IgG4 Related Disease. We will walk you through the presentation, work up, and approach to treatment 

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In this episode, we discuss the physiology and pathophysiology behind acid-base disorders. We then outline a 5 step approach to interpreting acid-base disorders. For reference, please refer to the infographic on our website at www.theinternatwork.com. 

Written by: Dr. Caroline Najjar, (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by:  Dr. Bernard Unikowsky (Nephrologist) and Dr. Jesse Popov (General Internist)
Sound editing by: Tony Walsh

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What is that rare endocrine tumour that can cause watery diarrhea? You may have heard of a VIPoma, but how much do you actually know about it? 
This episode was written by Dr. Tiffany Mach (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Vincent Larouche (Endocrinology) and Dr. Maral Koolian (General Internal Medicine). 
Infographic by Julia Simone (Medical Student)

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In this episode, we review the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, work-up and management of a patient presenting with Takatsubo (or stress-induced) Cardiomyopathy. Our medicine minute discusses the JAMA discusses the higher incidence of stress cardiomyopathy noted during the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Written by: Dr. Mehras Motamed (Internal Medicine resident)
Reviewed y: Dr. Dennis Ko (Interventional Cardiologist) and Dr. David Juurlink (General Internist, Clinical Pharmacologist)  

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Ever wonder what to do with that finding of an unexpected nodule on chest xray? Here we walk you through the approach including risk stratification, follow-up, and work-up. 
Written by: Dr. Brandon Luu (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Lee Fidler (Respirologist) and Dr. Laiya Carayannopoulos (Internist & Intensivist)  

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In this episode, we review the physiology and pathophysiology, etiology, clinical exam, investigations and treatment in patients with splenomegaly. Our medicine minute addresses the COMFORT II trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2012. 

Written by: Drs. Owen Luo and Jia Li (Lily) Liu (Internal medicine residents)
Reviewed by: Dr. Gizelle Popradi (hematologist) and Dr. Samuel Mamane (general internist) 

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HFpEF is the lesser talked about, but still equally important type of CHF! We discuss the evidence and give you a run-down on everything you need to know about HFpEF. Written by Dr. Aishwarya Roshan, Internal Medicine resident, and reviewed by Dr. Krishnan Ramanathan, Cardiology and CICU, and Dr. Alison Lai, Internal Medicine. Infographic by Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert, Internal Medicine Resident. 

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Written by: Dr. Sarah Hammond (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Marko Skrtic (Nephrology) and Dr. Zijing Wu (General Internal Medicine  

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This week we bring you a two-in-one! We cover polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytosis. 

Written by: Dr. RuiQi (Richard) Chen (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Hassan Sibai (Hematology) and Dr. Christopher Langlois (GIM)

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In this episode, we review the epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, investigation and management of hepatitis B. Our medicine minute reviews the current CDC guidelines and recommendations for screening in the general population.

Written by: Drs. Amine Zoughlami and Ikram Abow-Mohamed
Reviewed by: Dr. Phillip wong (Hepatologist) and Dr. Sanabelle Zaabat (General Internist)

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In this weeks episode you'll learn about two often confused syndromes that cause elevated body temperature! Episode written by Dr. Thomas Kiebalo (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Peter Wu (Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and General Internal Medicine) and Dr. Gillian Spiegle (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Dr. Shannon Gui (Internal Medicine Resident). 

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You may know what to do with hyperglyecmia- but do you know what to do when the glucose goes low? Learn how to treat this dangerous (and less taught) condition in this weeks episode! 

This episode was written by Isabel Shamsudeen (Internal Medicine Resident), and reviewed by Dr. Tayyab Khan (Endocrinology) and Dr. Saira Zafar (General Internal Medicine). 

Episode produced by Dr. Margaret Sun (Internal Medicine Resident). Infographic by Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert (Internal Medicine Resident). 

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In this episode, we review the clinical presentation, classification, investigations, treatment and prognosis of patients with small cell lung cancer. Our medicine minute discusses the CASPIAN trial. 

Written by: Dr. Craig Rodrigues (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Susanna Cheng (Medical Oncologist) and Dr. Ignazio La Delfa (Internist)

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Have you ever wondered about how to treat VTE in malignancy? This episode goes over all the ins and outs of this complex and nuanced topic! Written by Dr. Kevin Yijun Fan, Internal Medicine and reviewed by Dr. Helena Dhamko, (Hematology) and Dr. Ed Etchells (General Internal Medicine).  Infographic by Valarie Kim (Internal Medicine Resident). 

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In this episode, we review the etiologies, pathophysiology, investigations and management of macrocytic anemia. Our medicine minute addresses how to best supplement individuals with Vitamin B12 deficiency. 

Written by: Dr. Haeyong Rho (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Martina Trinkaus (Hematologist) and Dr. Alison Lai (General Internist)

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In this episode, we provide an overdose of amyloidosis with a specific focus on AL amyloidosis. We include the clinical presentation, investigations, diagnostic criteria and treatment for AL amyloidosis. 

Episode written by: Dr. Roslyn Mainland (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Zijing Wu (General Internal Medicine) and Dr. Bethany Monteith (Hematology)
Sound editing by: Dr. Margaret Sun (Internal Medicine Resident)

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In this episode we walk you through our approach to pancreatitis, including potential etiologies (not just the favourite scorpion bite!), and discuss recent evidence on management. 

Written by: Dr. Ikram Abow-Mohamed & Dr. Amine Zoughlami (Internal Medicine Residents)
Reviewed by: Dr. Constantine Soulelis (Gastroenterologist) & Dr. Sanabelle Zaabat (General Internist)

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What complications should you watch our for in patients on peritoneal dialysis? Let this once elusive topic become your expertise! This episode was written by Dr. Shareef Akbari (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Bogdan Momciu (Nephrology) and Dr. Steven Montague (General Internal Medicine)

Infographic by Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert (Internal Medicine Resident)
Sound editing by Margaret Sun  (Internal Medicine Resident)

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In this episode we cover your approach to chronic and acute aortic regurgitation including key physical exam findings and echocardiographic measures. 
Written by: Dr. Kate Haichin (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Nadia Giannetti (Cardiologist) and Dr. Amal Bessissow (General Internist). 

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Take a listen this week for a dive into the world of HLH. We cover primary and secondary HLH, your approach to the diagnosis and workup, as well as management and some info on recent trials. 

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Listen to this episode for a great summary on TB infection and TB disease! We also discuss new updates and Canadian specific guidelines.  Episode written by Dr. Kevin Zhang, PGY2 Internal Medicine and reviewed by Dr. Jane Batt, Respirology and Dr. Kevin Venus, General Internal Medicine. Infographic by Dr. Valerie Kim. 

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In this episode, we review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, associated diseases, investigations and treatment for the seronegative spondyloarthritides. These include psoriatic arthritis, enteropathic or IBD-associated arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis - or PEAR!

Written by: Dr. Steven Cho (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Lori Albert (Rheumatologist) and Dr. Vanessa Zannella (General Internist)
Recorded and Produced by: Dr. Alison Lai

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In this episode, Dr. Catherine Leurer interviews Dr. Lori Albert about the most common type of inflammatory arthritis - Gout. Dr. Albert discusses the 2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout, with a focus on both acute gout flares and chronic management of patients with gout. 

Interviewer: Dr. Catherine Leurer (Geriatrics Subspecialty Fellow)
Special Guest: Dr. Lori Albert (Rheumatology)
Sound Editing: Dr. Alison Lai

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In this episode, Dr. Maya Stein interviews Dr. Kevin Singh about the 2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiac Risk Assessment and Management for Patients Who Undergo Noncardiac Surgery.

Produced and Hosted By: Dr. Maya Stein (Internal Medicine resident)
Special Guest: Dr. Kevin Singh (General Internist)
Sound Editing by: Dr. Alison Lai (General Internist)

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In this episode, Dr. Valerie Kim interviews Dr. Yayi Huang about Thrombosis Canada’s 2021 clinical guides on deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in the setting of pregnancy.

Episode produced and hosted by: Dr. Valerie Kim (Internal Medicine resident)
Special Guest: Dr. Yayi Huang (General Internist and Obstetric Internist) 
Sound editing by: Dr. Alison Lai (General Internist)

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Disclaimer: This episode has nothing to do with Taylor Swift, although, we do love her. There's something in this for all of our trainees this July! Our host Dr. Zahra Merali (General Internist) sits down with Dr. Madeline Stephen (PGY3 Internal Medicine) and Dr. Dr. Mei-Ni Belzile (PGY3 Internal Medicine) to chat about how to navigate the subspecialty match... the discussion leads to general tips for transitioning through all phases in residency!

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Confused by all the possible opportunistic infections that patients with HIV may be vulnerable to? Take a listen! Written by: Dr. Valerie Kim (Internal Medicine Resident). Reviewed by: Dr. Nisha Andany (Infectious Disease Specialist) and Dr. Isaac Bogoch (Infectious Disease Specialist and Internal Medicine Physician). Infographic: Also by Dr. Valerie Kim.  

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In this episode, we review the physiology and pathophysiology behind coronary artery disease. We also reviewed the current indications for CABG as per the CCS guidelines. The medicine minute discusses the recently released ISCHEMIA trial.

Written by: Dr. Cole Clifford (IM Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. John Janevski (Cardiology) and Dr. Rupal Shah (General Internist)
Sound editing by: Alison Lai

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Let's dive into endocrinology this week- to learn about Paget Disease of the Bone! Listen till the end to learn about Sir James Paget himself. This episode was written by Emaad Mohammad (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Robyn Houlden (Endocrinology) and Dr. Amelia Wilkinson (General Internal Medicine) 

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In this episode, we cover when to suspect and investigate - or more importantly NOT investigate patients for potential inherited thrombophilias. 
Written by: Chloe Gordon (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Eric Tseng (Hematologist) and Dr. Vicky Tagalakis (General Internist) 

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In this episode, we discuss the clinical presentation, consensus diagnostic criteria and pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic strategies to manage a patient with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS). 

Written by: Dr. David Bobrowski (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Tosin Osuntokun and Dr. Paula Harvey (Cardiologists) and Dr. James Rassos (General Internist)
Sound editing by: Alison Lai

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In this episode, we discuss the clinical presentation, severity grading, investigations and management for patients presenting with cholecystitis or cholangitis. Our medicine minute discusses a promising new technique for patients with non-operative cholecystitis. 

Podcast written by: Drs. Amine Zoughlami  and Ikram Abow-Mohamed (Internal Medicine residents)
Reviewed by:  Dr. Constantine Soulellis (Gastroenterology) and Dr. Sanabelle Zaabat (Internal Medicine)
Sound editing by: Alison lai

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We covered upper GI bleed a few weeks ago, but we'd be remiss if we didn't address the other half of the GI tract! This week we take you through our approach to lower GI bleeding and its management, including recent guideline updates. 
Written by: Dr. Ikram Abow-Mohamed & Dr. Amine Zoughlami (Internal Medicine Residents) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Alan Barkun (Gastroenterology) & Dr. Sanabelle Zaabat (Internal Medicine). 

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Written by Dr. Tiffany Mach (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Vincent Larouche (Endocrinology) and Dr. Romina Pace (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Vincent Li (Medical Student). 

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In this episode, we discuss two main causes of hypoxia as well as the utility of the A-a gradient to help determine the underlying etiology. We discuss different methods of oxygen delivery and briefly review etiologies that may cause hypoxia. Our medicine minute discusses the discovery and current controversy regarding pulse oximeters. 

Episode written by: Dr. Anna Tyker (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Christine D’Arsigny (Respirology and Critical Care) and Dr. Amelia Wilkinson (General Internal Medicine)
Sound editing by: Kiera Liblik (Medical Student)

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In this episode, we review the main causes of four different types of shock: hypovolemic, cardiac, obstructive and distributive (or vasoplegic). We discuss both initial assessment and management of a patient in shock, as well as more focused therapies for specific etiologies. Our medicine minute discusses the choice for initial vasopressors as well as the evidence behind current MAP targets.

Written by: Dr. Krish Bilimoria (Internal Medicine resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Camille Simard (GIM, OB medicine) and Dr. Jed Lipez (GIM, Critical Care)
Sound editing by: Alison Lai

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In this episode we cover the history of AKI and an approach to its diagnosis and management. We also cover landmark trials! 
Written by: Dr. Thulasie Manokaran (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Tyrone Harrison (Nephrologist) and Dr. Michael Fisher (General Internist) 

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Have you heard of the "bubble boy?" In this episode, we outline an approach to hypogammaglobulinemia - a fascinating outpatient medicine topic! Episode written by Dr. Vivian Szeto (Internal Medicine resident) and reviewed by Dr. Rongbo Zhu (Clinical Allergy and Immunology) and Dr. Marko Mrkobrada (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Dr. Valarie Kim (Internal Medicine resident). 

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This week we cover an increasingly common diagnosis - eosinophilic esophagitis. We will discuss the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and help you remember the approach to treatment. 
Written by: Dr. Michael Scaffidi (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Samir Grover (Gastroenterologist) and Dr. Don Thiwanka Wijeratne (General Internist)

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In this episode, we discuss the clinical presentation, laboratory abnormalities, initial work-up and treatment of TTP. We review the pathophysiology and also how to distinguish TTP from other MAHAs based on the patient's lab findings and clinical presentation. The medicine minute discusses the first known case of TTP and the timeline of discovery of the etiology behind TTP. 

Written by:
Dr. Jodi Chiu  (Internal Medicine resident)

Reviewed by: 
Dr. Cyrus Hsia (Hematology) and Dr. Rasha Abdul Karim (General Internal Medicine)

Sound editing by:
Margaret Sun (Internal Medicine Resident)

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Today's episode is all about a rare disease that you may encounter on your allergy and immunology rotation! This episode was written by Dr. Candice Luo (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Paul Keith (Allergy and Immunology) and Dr. Zahira Khalid (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Dr. Cailyn Vlasschaert (Internal Medicine Resident). 

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In this episode we take you through all the need-to-knows for your next patient with dilated cardiomyopathy! 
Written by: Dr. Jasper Ho (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Katie Connolly (Cardiologist) and Dr. John Neary (General Internist)

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In this episode, we discuss the approach to a patient with SVC syndrome. This includes considering both malignant and non-malignant causes. Treatment focuses on relief of the obstruction and investigation and management of malignant causes. Our medicine minute discusses a 2021 trial reviewing endovascular therapy for SVC syndrome.

Written by: Dr. Samuel Chan (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. John Goffin (Medical Oncologist) and Dr. Andrew Cheung (General Internist)
Podcast recorded by: Alison Lai
Infographic by: Jessica Nguyen (Medical Student)

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At the intersection of endocrinology and gynaecology is an important topic- polycystic ovarian syndrome! This episode was written by Dr. Sooyoun Shin (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Shoba Sujana Kumar (Endocrinology) and Dr. Rupal Shah (General Internal Medicine). Podcast produced by Kiera Liblik (medical student). Infographic by Dr. Shannon Gui (Internal Medicine Resident). 

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In this episode we break down the lengthy list of causes of myocarditis. We cover guidelines for biopsy and work-up and management approaches. 

Written by: Dr. Dhruv Krishnan (Internal Medicine resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Samir Hazra (Cardiologist) and Dr. Steven
Montague (General Internist)

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Sarcoma's are rare, and sometimes coined the "forgotten cancer." Learn more about sarcoma so that you don't miss this on your differential diagnosis of internal medicine patients! Written by Dr. Megan Smith-Uffen (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Richard Tozer (Medical Oncology) and Dr. John Neary (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Dr. Valerie Kim (Internal Medicine Resident). 

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In this episode we cover a condition that is anxiety provoking for patients and healthcare workers alike. We take you through our approach to both life threatening and non life threatening hemoptysis. 

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In this episode, we review the staging, management and treatment options for chronic kidney disease. Though most patients may present asymptomatically at first, we review the symptoms and physical findings to look out for when examining a patient with CKD. Our medicine minute discusses EMPA-KIDNEY, and the evidence that supports the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in CKD management.

Written by: Dr. Susan Thanabalasingam (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Christine A. White (Nephrologist) and Dr. Christopher Smith (GIM)
Produced by: Dr. Alison Lai
Sound editing by: Margaret Sun
Infographic by: Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert

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In this episode, we review the clinical presentation, specialized physical exam maneuvers, investigations and management of ankylosing spondylitis. Our medicine minute reviews the Choosing Wisely guidelines for Rheumatology. 

Podcast written by: Dr. Emma Reesor (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Raj Carmona (Rheumatologist) and Dr. Stephen Gilick (General Internist)
Sound editing by: Alison Lai
Infographic Design by: Alison Lai

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We're starting off the new year with an outpatient medicine episode! Take a listen to learn more about primary hyperaldosteronism, a common cause of resistant hypertension. Written by Dr. Isabel Shamsudeen, Internal medicine resident, and reviewed by Dr. Stan Van Uum, Endocrinology and Dr. Andrew Appleton, General Internal Medicine. Infographic by Dr. Shannon Gui, Internal Medicine Resident. 

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In this episode, Drs. Michael Fralick and Alison Lai get together to talk about the state of digital education in Internal Medicine across Canada. They talk about the origin stories of their podcast, how they stay up to date, and where they hope to see the digital education sphere! We then present the latest episode of The Rounds Table, hosted by brothers Dr. Michael Fralick and John Fralick.

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In this episode, Dr. Sheliza Halani interviews special guest Dr. Alon Vaisman (Infectious Diseases) on the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA).

They discuss the definitions of severity of C. difficile, recommendations for current treatment and testing, prophylaxis and surgical management options. 

Producer and Host: Dr. Sheliza Halani
Guest: Dr. Alon Vaisman (Infectious Diseases)
Sound Editing: Dr. Alison Lai

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In this episiode, Dr. Sheliza Halani interview Dr. Jameel Abdulrehman (Hematology, Thrombosis) about the latest recommendations in the  CHEST 2021 Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report

Host: Dr. Sheliza Halani
Guest: Dr. Jameel Abdulrehman, Hematologist, Assistant Professor at University of Toronto
Sound Editing: Alison Lai

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In this episode, Dr. Sheliza Halani interviews Dr. Andrew Ha, cardiac electrophysiologist at the University Health Network whose interest and clinical focus is in atrial fibrillation.

They discuss the CCS/CHRS Comprehensive Guidelines for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation, released in 2020.

Host: Dr. Sheliza Halani
Guest: Dr. Andrew Ha
Sound Editing: We would like to thank Krzysztof Kowalik for producing this episode and editing the audio.

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In this episode we have special guest Dr. Dominic Ng (Endocrinologist) review the 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults with our host Dr. Catherine Leurer. 

Host: Dr. Catherine Leurer
Special Guest: Dr. Dominic Ng (Endocrinologist)
Sound Editing: Kryzsztof Kowalik

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In this episode, Dr. Sheliza Halani speaks with Dr. Kevin Venus (General Internist) about the 2020 update to the Hypertension Canada Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Treatment of Hypertension.

Host: Dr. Sheliza Halani
Sound Editing: Dr. Alison Lai
Producers: Dr. Catherine Leurer and Dr. Sheliza Halani

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In this episode, we discuss the CAG/ACG guidelines for management of Dyspepsia, released in 2017 with Dr. Piero Tartaro, Gastroenterologist. 

Host: Dr. Catherine Leurer
Sound Editing: Krzysztof Kowalik 
Producers: Dr. Sheliza Halani and Dr. Catherine Leurer

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In this episode, Dr. Catherine Leurer interviews Dr. Stephanie Poon (Cardiologist) on the 2021 CCS/CHFS Heart Failure Guidelines Update: Defining a New Pharmacologic Standard of Care for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Host: Dr. Catherine Leurer
Guest: Dr. Stephanie Poon (Cardiologist)
Sound Editing: Krzysztof Kowalik

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In this episode, we have Dr. Malika Sharma, Infectious Diseases physician take us through the 2015 Guidelines to the diagnosis, treatment and management of endocarditis. We also include some of the new 2020 updates as well! 

Host: Dr. Sheliza Halani (Internal Medicine Resident)
Sound Editing: Alison Lai
Produced by: Dr. Sheliza Halani and Dr. Catherine Leurer

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In this episode, we have Dr. Lisa Dubrofsky (Nephrology, University of Toronto) speaking about the KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Host: Dr. Catherine Leurer (Geriatrics Fellow)
Sound editing by:  Krzystof Kowalik

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In this episode we walk you through the approach to work up, diagnosis and management of parathyroid adenoma, including the guidelines regarding surgical management! 

Written by: Dr. Akshay Varghese (Internal Medicine Residence) 

Reviewed by: Dr. Stan Van Uum (Endocrinologist) and Dr. Ian Brown (General Internal Medicine) 

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Written by Dr. Justin Boyle (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Marie Leung (General Internal Medicine) and Dr. Danielle Kaine (Pallative Care). Infographic by Vincent Li. 

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In this episode, we review the clinical presentation, history and physical examination as well as the ROME-IV diagnostic criteria for a diagnosis of IBS. We review the different subtypes of IBS as well as symptom management and emerging treatments for IBS. Our medicine minute focuses on the evidence supporting the use of eluxadoline in patients with IBS-D. 

Podcast written by: Dr. Nawid Sayed (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. David Rodrigues (Neurogastroenterology)  and Dr. Laura Marcotte (General Internist)
Sound editing by: Dr. Alison Lai
Infographic by Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert

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Written by: Dr. Samantha Bruzzese (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by:  Dr.Joshua Lakoff (Endocrinology) Dr. Zijing Wu (General Internal Medicine)

Produced by: Margaret Sun 
Infographic by: Lilly Yu 

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This week we talk about symptoms that should prompt you to consider Sjogren's, key features on history and physical, and the appropriate tests for work-up. 

Written by: Dr. Christina Ma (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Stephanie Garner (Rheumatologist) and Dr. Hugh Traquair (General Internist)
Episode Produced by: Kiera Liblink (Medical Student) 

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This episode will take you through all the details about herpes zoster! We cover the approach, when you should take extra concern and refer to ophthalmology, and how to manage a whole spectrum of patients. 
Written by: Dr. Lauren Winquist (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Megan Devlin (Infectious Diseases) and Dr. Rasha Abdul-Karim (General Internal Medicine)

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In this episode, we review the pathophysiology, history, work-up and management of Achalasia. Our medicine minute discusses the trial "Endoscopic or Surgical Myotomy in Patients with Idiopathic Achalasia" published in NEJM in 2019. 

Written by: Dr. Grace Wang (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Teshima (Gastroenterology) and Dr. Laura Walker (General Internist)
Sound editing by: Nathan Doupnik (Medical Student)
Infographic by: Vincent Li (Medical Student)

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In this episode we cover a host of malignant emergencies. We begin with their categorization, then walk through pertinent history details, physical exam, and your approach to diagnosis and treatment. 
Written by: Dr. Claire Browne (Internal Medicine resident) and reviewed by Dr. Elena Tsvetkova (Medical Oncologist) & Dr. Jeff Yu (General Internist). 

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In this episode, we review the clinical presentation, screening guidelines, diagnosis and management of Barrett's Esophagus - one of the risk factors for developing Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. In our medicine minute, we discuss a landmark trial that transitioned treatment for BE from esophagectomy to endoscopic ablation methods. 

Podcast written by: Dr. Louis Huynh (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Robert Bechara (Gastroenterologist) and Dr. Don Thiwanka Wijeratne (General Internist)
Production and Sound Editing by: Alison Lai

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It's not always good to have "a thick skin!" Learn all about it in this weeks episode. Written by Dr. Laura Spatafora (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Stephanie Garner (Rheumatology) and Dr. Daniel Brandt Vegas (General Internal Medicine).  Infographic by Kiera Liblik (Medical student). 

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In this episode, we discuss the clinical presentation, biochemical mediators and treatment of chronic urticaria. We discuss the importance of a thorough history and physical to identify potential triggers as well as the utility of challenge testing and desensitization for treatment. Tune into our medicine minute to hear about two life threatening kinds of chronic urticaria that require treatment with epinephrine. 


Written by: Dr. Natasha Correa, Internal Medicine Resident
Reviewed by: Drs. Samira Jeimy, Allergist and Clinical Immunologist and Saira Zafar,Internal Medicine
Sound editing by: Dr. Nafis Hossain
Infographic by: Keerthana Pasumarthi, medical student

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In this high yield episode, we review the clinical presentation, up front investigations, immediate and long-term management of patients who present with STEMIs - one of the 5 causes of life-threatening chest pain. Our medicine minute reviews the PLATO trial, which supports the use of ticagrelor over clopidogrel as the second agent in dual anti-platelet therapy in patients with ACS. 

Written by: Drs. Varun Srivatsav and William Kennedy (Internal Medicine Residents)
Reviewed by: Dr. Jonathan Dean (GIM) and Dr. Andrea Lavoie (Cardiology)
Sound Editing by: Nathan Doupnik (Medical Student)
Infographic by: Drs. Varun Srivatsav and William Kennedy (Internal Medicine Residents)
Infographic edited by: Vincent Li (Medical Student)

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In this episode we take a deep dive into thalassemia- discussing the types, aetiology ,work up and treatment. This episode was written by Dr. Catherine Lovatt (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Madeleine Verhovsek (Hematology) and Dr. Daniel Brandt Vegas (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Jessica Nguyen.  

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It's that time of year again ! To celebrate our newest Interns on July 1st we have an exclusive Fireside Chat with our team members Drs. Orly Bogler (Toronto Site Co-lead), Claire Browne (Western Site Co-lead), Shannon Gui (Infographic Designer and McMaster Site-Co Lead) and Nafis Hossain (Sound editor). In this episode they talk about how to stay afloat mentally during residency, and what they are excited and nervous about looking forward this July! Make sure to check out Part 1 from last week.
Infographic by Dr. Shannon Gui. 

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It's that time of year again ! To celebrate our newest Interns on July 1st we have an exclusive Fireside Chat with our team members Drs. Orly Bogler (Toronto Site Co-lead), Claire Browne (Western Site Co-lead), Shannon Gui (Infographic Designer and McMaster Site-Co Lead) and Nafis Hossain (Sound editor). In this episode they talk about how they chose internal medicine, how they describe what IM is to others and how they think differently about IM now compared to when they started residency. Make sure to check out Part 2 next week.
Infographic by Dr. Shannon Gui. 

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In this episode, we discuss the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of peripheral arterial disease. Our medicine minute focuses on emerging evidence for the use of Rivaroxaban following the release of the COMPASS trial in 2020. 

Written by: Dr. Palki Bhatt (Internal Medicine)
Reviewed by:  Dr. Sonia Anand (Cardiology) and Dr. Kajenny Srivaratharajah (General Internal Medicine)
Sound Editing by: Dr. Alison Lai

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In this episode, we review the two types of HIT, with diagnosis and management on HIT Type II. We go through methods of risk stratification, including the 4T score and review the gold standard testing for diagnosing HIT. 

Written by: Dr. Sabrina Allarakhia (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Jennifer Leung (Hematology) and Dr. Steven Montague (General Internal Medicine)
Recorded by: Dr. Laiya Carayanopolous
Produced by: Dr. Alison Lai

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This episode takes you through a commonly encountered problem that stumps many a clinician! Learn all about primary and secondary causes of eosinophilia, when to investigate for each, and how to do so. 
Written by: Dr. Shreyash Dalmia (Hematology Fellow) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Siraj Mithoowani (Hematology & Thrombosis) & Dr. John Neary (General Internal Medicine)

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In this episode, Dr. Sheliza Halani interviews Dr. Andrew Ha, cardiac electrophysiologist at the University Health Network whose interest and clinical focus is in atrial fibrillation.

They discuss the CCS/CHRS Comprehensive Guidelines for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation, released in 2020.

Host: Dr. Sheliza Halani
Guest: Dr. Andrew Ha
Sound Editing: We would like to thank Krzysztof Kowalik for producing this episode and editing the audio.

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In this episode we review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and approach to the patient with DIC. Listen closely for some key tips on diagnostic scores and the trap of an inappropriately normal fibrinogen! 

Written by: Dr. Stefan Jevtic (Internal Medicine Resident), reviewed by Dr. Siraj Mithoowani (Hematologist) and Dr. John Neary (General Internist).  

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In this episode we take you through an approach to the kidney transplant patient presenting with acute allograft dysfunction. We will cover differential, key questions on history, and an overview to management. 

Written by Dr. Susan Thanabalasingam (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by Dr. Khaled Shamseddin (Nephrologist) and Dr. David Taylor (General Internist) 

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In this episiode, Dr. Sheliza Halani interview Dr. Jameel Abdulrehman (Hematology, Thrombosis) about the latest recommendations in the  CHEST 2021 Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report

Host: Dr. Sheliza Halani
Guest: Dr. Jameel Abdulrehman, Hematologist, Assistant Professor at University of Toronto
Sound Editing: Alison Lai

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In this episode, we review the etiologies, diagnosis, investigations and management of rhabdomyolysis. 

Written by: Dr. Dhruv Krishnan, Internal Medicine Resident
Reviewed by: Dr. Audrey Tran (General Internist) and Dr. Samuel Silver (Nephrologist)
Sound Editing: Alison Lai

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In this episode we have special guest Dr. Dominic Ng (Endocrinologist) review the 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults with our host Dr. Catherine Leurer. 

Host: Dr. Catherine Leurer
Special Guest: Dr. Dominic Ng (Endocrinologist)
Sound Editing: Kryzsztof Kowalik

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You've probably heard a lot about community acquired pneumonia- but what about aspiration pneumonitis, aspiration pneumonia and hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)? In this episode, we break down these highly relevant etiologies. This episode was written by Shannon Tang (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Onofre Moran-Mendoza (Respirology) and Zijing Wu (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Lucy Lan (medical student). 

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In this episode, we go over an approach to one of the two inflammatory bowel diseases- Crohn's disease! Written by Dr. Prem Bhoey (Internal Medicine Resident), Reviewed by Dr. Sawhn Sean Pritchett (Gastroenterology) and Dr. Thiwanka Wijeratne (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Lucy Lan. 

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In this episode, Dr. Catherine Leurer interviews Dr. Stephanie Poon (Cardiologist) on the 2021 CCS/CHFS Heart Failure Guidelines Update: Defining a New Pharmacologic Standard of Care for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Host: Dr. Catherine Leurer
Guest: Dr. Stephanie Poon (Cardiologist)
Sound Editing: Krzysztof Kowalik

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In this episode, we review the pathophysiology and diseases associated with chronic diarrhea. We use the MISO acronym to divide up etiologies as well as our work-up. We review basic treatments as well as approaches to symptom management. As always, we have an associated infographic at www.theinternatwork.com. 

Episode written by: Dr. Sechiv Jugnundan (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Nadia Griller (Gastroenterologist) and Dr. Kevin Venus (General Internist)
Sound Editing by: Dr. Nafis Hossain (Internal Medicine Resident)

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In this episode, Dr. Sheliza Halani speaks with Dr. Kevin Venus (General Internist) about the 2020 update to the Hypertension Canada Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Treatment of Hypertension.

Host: Dr. Sheliza Halani
Sound Editing: Dr. Alison Lai
Producers: Dr. Catherine Leurer and Dr. Sheliza Halani

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Take a listen to learn all about cholesterol, lipids and cardiovascular risk prevention! Written by Dr. Parm Khakh (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Samir Hazra (Cardiology) and Dr. Steven Montague (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Rachel Ahle (Physicians Assistant). 

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In this episode, we discuss the CAG/ACG guidelines for management of Dyspepsia, released in 2017 with Dr. Piero Tartaro, Gastroenterologist. 

Host: Dr. Catherine Leurer
Sound Editing: Krzysztof Kowalik 
Producers: Dr. Sheliza Halani and Dr. Catherine Leurer

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In this episode, we have Dr. Malika Sharma, Infectious Diseases physician take us through the 2015 Guidelines to the diagnosis, treatment and management of endocarditis. We also include some of the new 2020 updates as well! 

Host: Dr. Sheliza Halani (Internal Medicine Resident)
Sound Editing: Alison Lai
Produced by: Dr. Sheliza Halani and Dr. Catherine Leurer

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In this episode we discuss the types of angioedema, clues to help differentiate them on history, and the management of patients with a diagnosis of hereditary angioedema. 
Written by: Dr. Maggie Jiang (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Stephen Betschel (Clinical Immunology and Allergy) and Dr. Laura Walker (General Internal Medicine)

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In this episode, we have Dr. Lisa Dubrofsky (Nephrology, University of Toronto) speaking about the KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Host: Dr. Catherine Leurer (Geriatrics Fellow)
Sound editing by:  Krzystof Kowalik

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In this episode we discuss our approach to cystic fibrosis. You will learn about the pathophysiology, diagnosis and new management tools. 
Written by: Dr. Rigya Arya (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Elizabeth Tullis (Respirology) and Dr. Michael Fralick (General Internal Medicine

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In this episode, we discuss the different types of lung cancers. We review the common clinical presentation, work-up and diagnosis of lung cancer.  We also discuss an overview of treatment for lung cancer. 

Written by: Dr. Coralea Kappel, Internal Medicine Resident
Reviewed by: Dr. Peter Ellis (Medical Oncology) and Dr. Daniel Brandt Vegas (General Internal Medicine)
Sound Editing by: Nathan Doupnik (Medical Student)

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March is deep vein thrombosis awareness month... and just in time, we have an episode to teach you all about venous thromboembolism! Learn about the pathophysiology, physical examination, laboratory investigations, imaging and management of VTE's in this timely episode. Written by Dr. Danyal Ladha (internal medicine resident) and reviewed by Dr. James Zhang (General Internist) and Dr. Deborah Siegal (Hematology/Thrombosis). Produced by Nathan Dupnik (Medical student), infographic by Lilly Yu. 

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In this episode, we discuss the etiology, clinical features of mitral regurgitation. Acute, chronic, management of both, we've got it all! 

Written by: Dr. Arjun Sharma (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Siddhartha Srivastava (General Internist) and Dr. Aws Almufleh (Cardiologist)
Infographic by: Dr. Shannon Gui (Internal Medicine Resident) 

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In this episode, we review the approach to SVT with a focus on AVRT and AVNRT. We discuss the common clinical manifestations, etiology, investigations and management, with a special medicine minute on the REVERT trial. 

Written by: Dr. Chris Olesovsky (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Sean Balmain (Cardiology) and Dr. Pete Wu (General Internal Medicine)
Sound Editing by: Nafis Hossain (Internal Medicine Resident)
Infographic by: Alison Lai

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In this episode, we review the etiologies, clinical presentation and treatment of hypothyroidism. We also review the clinical presentation and treatment of myxedema coma - a potentially life threatening illness.


Written by: Dr. Mohammed Bucheeri (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Robert Silver (Endocrinology) and Dr. Trevor Jamieson (Internal Medicine)
Infographic by: Lucy Lan (Medical Student)
Sound editing by: Nafis Hossain (Internal Medicine Resident)

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This week we discuss the clinical criteria required to diagnose neurological death, and the steps to caring for the neurologically deceased organ donor. 

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In this episode we discuss the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of both MSSA and MRSA bacteremia. 

Written by: Dr. Helen Genis (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Philip Lam (ID) and Dr. Jonathan Alon (Internal Medicine)
Infographic by: Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert (Internal Medicine Resident)
Sound Editing by: Dr. Nafis Hossain (Internal Medicine Resident)

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In this episode, we take you through a case-based approach to applying the Beer's List medications. We discuss why medication pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are different in older adults, and cover high risk medications and approach to finding safer alternatives. 

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What does "mad as a hatter" make you think of in medicine? In this episode we go over the nuances of a medical emergency- TCA overdose! Written by Dr. Leah Kosyakovsky (Internal medicine resident at the time of writing, now cardiology fellow). Reviewed by Dr. Pete Wu (General internal medicine and pharmacology/toxicology) and Dr. David Juurlink (General internal medicine and pharmacology/toxicology). Infographic by Dr. Shannon Gui (Internal Medicine Resident). Produced by Dr. Nafis Houssain (Intern Medicine Resident) 

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In this episode, we discuss the mechanisms, consequences and treatment of organophosphate poisoning. We include the three stages of organophosphate poisoning and their associated clinical syndromes.

Written by: Dr. William Kennedy (IM resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Jonathan Zipursky (Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology) and Dr. Jonathan Dean (General Internal Medicine)
Sound editing by: Nathan Doupnik
Infographic by: William Kennedy, and edited by Shannon Gui

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In this episode we cover your approach to the management of acute hypertension as well as the work-up of secondary causes. 

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Today we discuss one the most common medical diagnoses- hypertension! We take a deep dive in Hypertension Canada guidelines to discuss the diagnosis, symptoms, signs and treatment of primary hypertension. Written by Dr. Ryan Peters (Internal medicine resident) and reviewed by Dr. Marie Leung (General Internal Medicine) and Dr. Zijing Yu (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert (Internal medicine resident) and produced by Nathan Dupnik (Medical Student). 

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This time instead of asking a fellow- we ask an expert attending physician Dr. Samira Jeimy (Allergy and Immunology) all about anaphylaxis in relation to the COVID vaccine! If someone has had a previous allergy to vaccines, can they safely get the mRNA COVID vaccine? If someone has a reaction to dose 1, can they get dose 2 or 3? What is PEG and does this prevent people from getting the vaccine? If a patient comes to me with concerns about vaccine allergy, what should I do? Special guest host Dr. Vivian Szeto (Internal Medicine resident). Infographic by Dr. Shannon Gui (Internal Medicine Resident). 

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In this episode, we discuss the various clinical stages and presentation of syphilis as well as their associated treatment. We discuss the approach to diagnosis as well as the various diagnostic tests available. We also review the follow-up strategies to ensure appropriate response to therapy. Our medicine minute discusses the Tuskegee study and how it led to changes in medical bioethics and clinical trial regulations around the world

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This episode was written by Dr. Anna Liu (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Dr. Stan Van Uum (Endocrinologist) and Dr. Kenneth Gilbert (GIM). 

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Did you know that the majority of people colonized with H pylori acquire it during infancy, and in the vast majority of cases infection is asymptomatic? Today we talk about the pathophysiology, history/exam, investigations and management of the world's most common infection- H. pylori! Written by Dr. Sama Anvari (internal medicine resident) and reviewed by Dr. Eric Greenwald (gastroenterologist) and Dr. John Neary (General Internist). Infographic by  Lucy Lan (Medical Student) 

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In this episode, we discuss the diagnosis, management and treatment of hyperthyroidism. We also take a brief detour to talk about the diagnosis and management of thyroid storm. Our medicine minute talks about a randomized control trial that looked at the use of cholestyramine for treatment of hyperthyroidism. 

Written by: Dr. Tanisha Birk (Internal Medicine resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Alescia Azzola (Endocrinology) and Dr. Florence Morriello (Internal Medicine and Critical Care)
Infographic by: Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert

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Today we discuss a common outpatient respriology diagnosis- Obstructive sleep apnea!
Written by Dr. Jennifer D'Cruz (Internal Medicine Resident), reviewed by and Dr. Alia Kashgari (Respirology) and Dr. Karen Guekers (General Internal Medicine). Sound editing by Nathan Dupnik (Medical Student). Infographic by Rachel Ahle (Medical Student). 

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In this episode we talk about one of the chronic viral hepitides - Hep C! We discuss risk factors, work-up and management which has changed drastically in the past several years! Listen to our medicine minute to hear how a Canadian contributed to the history and treatment of Hep C. 

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There's a toxin in your medicine cabinet... it's called APA, paracetamol, tylenol, or acetaminophen (depending on where you're listening)! Today we take you through the pathophysiology of tylenol toxicity, as well as clues to a patients presentation and acute management

Written by Dr. Alisa Lagrotteria (Internal Medicine Resident) and reviewed by Dr. Keith Tsoi (Gastroenterology) and Dr. Amanda Huynh (General Internal Medicine). Produced by Nathan Dupnik (Medical Student). Infographic by Lilly Yu (Medical Student) 

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In this episode we take a deep dive on methemoglobinemia. We discuss when to suspect it, diagnosis, treatment, and some great medical trivia! 
Written by:  Dr. Lorenzo Madrazo (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Andrew Appleton (General Internal Medicine) and Dr. Wael Haddara (Critical Care)

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This episode we apply our knowledge of the sections of PFTs to specific respiratory pathophysiologic processes. 

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In this episode, we discuss normal respiratory mechanics, indications for PFTs and their main components. Tune in later this week for Part 2 where we will discuss how to interpret them! 

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In this episode, we review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and diagnostic approach to ILD - a heterogenous group of lung disorders characterized by diffuse parenchymal lung disease. We will talk briefly about management and treatment, as well as the PANTHER-IPF trial that shaped the treatment of IPF - a subtype of ILD. 

Written by: Dr. Jung-In Choi (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Janice Leung (Respirology) and Dr. Laura Kuyper (General Internist)
Sound Editing by: Dr. Nafis Hossain (Internal Medicine Resident)
Infographic by: Dr. Shannon Gui (Internal Medicine Resident)

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In this episode we cover the approach to a patient with suspected pulmonary fibrosis. This episode discusses history, physical exam, treatments and management of acute exacerbations. 

Written by: Dr. Aninditee Das (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Karen Geukers (Internal Medicine) and Dr. Marco Mura (Respirology) 

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In this episode we take a deep dive into the different anticoagulants! It's more than just warfarin folks. 

Written by: Dr. Nicholas Chornenki ( Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Janet Lui (hematologist) and Dr. Marie Leung (General Internist)
Produced by: Dr. Nafis Hossain (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Infographic by: Lucy Lan (Medical Student) 

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In this episode, we discuss the clinical manifestations, investigations and management of acute liver failure.

Written by: Dr. Fiona Milne (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Melissa Kelley (Gastroenterologist) and Dr. Zijing Wu (General Internist)
Infographic by: Hailey Pineda (Undergraduate Student)
Sound Editing by: Nathan Doupnik

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Have you ever wondered why we call it antiphospholipid syndrome? Take a listen to this episode to find out all about why we've named it this, and how to diagnose, investigate and manage patients with APS.

Written by: Dr. Stefan Jevtic (IM Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Mark Crowther (Hematology) and Dr. Serena Gundy (GIM)
Sound Editing: Dr. Nafis Hossain (IM Resident)
Infographic: Dr. Shannon Gui (IM Resident)

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In this episode we discuss the long-term management of congestive heart failure. We cover both reduced and preserved ejection fraction as well as the latest CCS guidelines! 

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What happens when the glomerular filtration system breaks down? This episode is all about nephrotic syndrome. We go through the pathophysiology of the kidney (comparing it to a coffee filter), the key history and physical exam one might expect with this condition, investigations to order and management specifics. Check out the related infographic at www.theinternatwork.com. 

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What is bronchiectasis? In this episode, we discuss the etiologies of bronchiectasis, the diagnostic work-up of choice and the treatments available for patients with this disease. We also discuss the EMBRACE trial that has led to change in guidelines for treatment of bronchiectasis. 

Podcast written by: Drs. Aram Karkar and Yassmin Behzadian (Internal Medicine residents), 
Reviewed by:  Dr. Sophie Corriveau and Dr. Michael Nicholson (Respirologists) and 
Dr. Leslie Martin and Dr. Jeff Yu (General Internists)
Sound Editing by: Nafis Hossain 

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In this episode we cover scales for assessing depth of sedation in the ICU, as well as medications used for analgesia and sedation. 

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In this episode, we discuss the clinical presentation, investigations and management of Variceal bleeds - a type of upper GI bleed that can cause mortality in up to 1/3 of patients with cirrhosis. 

Written by: Dr. Maria Mikail (Internal Medicine resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Anouar Teriaky (Gastroenterology) and Dr. Karen Geukers (General Internal Medicine)
Sound Editing by: Nathan Doupnik
Infographic by: Lucy Lan (Medical student)

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Time for a respirology "ask a fellow"! In this episode we go through this niche respiratory diagnosis and cover the new 2020 ATS hypersensitivity pneumonitis guidelines. Written by Dr. Dan Gillet (Respirology Fellow) and Dr. Jennifer D'Cruz (Internal Medicine Resident). Reviewed by Dr. Cory Yamashita (Respirology) 

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As internists, we're always scared of surgical complications of our medical procedures. But pneumothoraces can occur for many reasons, and it is essential to know how to recognize and treat them! In this episode, we go over the types of pneumothoraces, approach to diagnosis, investigation and management. 

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In this episode, we review the clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up and management of patients with suspected stable CAD. Our medicine minute this week reviews the indications for early revascularization in patients with stable CAD. 

Written by: Dr. Ciara Pendrith (IM Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Kenneth Melvin (Cardiology) and Drs. Jonathan Ailon (GIM) and Alison Lai (GIM)

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This week we cover our approach to patients with MDS. We discuss signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria and treatment, and have a great medicine minute about advances in therapy. 

Written by: Dr. Eugene Brailovski (Internal Medicine Resident 
Reviewed by: Dr. Martina Trinkaus (Hematologist) and Dr. Steve Shumak (General Internist) 
Sound editing by: Nathan Doupnik 

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What is your approach to an incidental thyroid nodule? This episode takes us through the work up of this common internal medicine issue including key findings on history and physical exam, essential lab values and an approach to work up and management. This episode was written by Samantha Bruzzese and reviewed by Dr. Sara Awad  (Endocrinologist) and Dr. Laura Marcotte (General Internal Medicine). Produced by Nathan Duopnik (medical student). Infographic by Rachel Ahle (Physicians assistant) 

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A dilemma every internal medicine resident faces is- how do you choose your subspecialty? Join us on this special July episode, where we first catch up with your favourite executive producers and then dive into a panel discussion with 3 Canadian fellows. Zahra asks them about their own paths that led them to choose their subspecialty using your questions from twitter! This episode was sponsored by MD Financial Management. 

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A dilemma every internal medicine resident faces is- how do you choose your subspecialty? Join us on this special July episode, where we first catch up with your favourite executive producers and then dive into a panel discussion with 3 Canadian fellows. Zahra asks them about their own paths that led them to choose their subspecialty using your questions from twitter! This episode was sponsored by MD Financial Management. 

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In this episode we discuss the approach to diagnosis and management of GCA and Polymyalgia Rheumatica. 
Written by: Dr. Haonan Mi (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Tanveer Towheed (Rheumatology) and Dr Zijing Wu (General Internal Medicine)

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In this episode, we talk all about Sarcoidosis. This disease is one of non-caseating granulomas. Though most typically found in the lungs and lymph nodes, Sarcoidosis can be found anywhere in the body. It is associated with two main symptoms - Heerfordt's Syndrome and Lofgren's Syndrome. Tune in to listen to how we diagnosis and treat sarcoidosis.

Episode written by: Dr. Julie Semenchuk
Reviewed by: Dr. Chris Li (Respirology) and Dr. James Rassos
Associated Infographic by: Shannon Gui (Medical Student)
Sound Editing by: Nathan Doupnik
www.theinternatwork.com

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This week we discuss the long term management of opioid use disorder, with a focus on opioid agonist therapy. 

Written by: Dr. Clara Lu (General Internal Medicine Fellow)
Reviewed by: Dr. Lori Regenstreif (Addictions Medicine Specialist) and Dr. Leslie Martin (General Internal Medicine) 

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This week we discuss your approach to a patient with opioid overdose and withdrawal, as well as the management of both conditions including naloxone and buprenorphine. 

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In Part 2 of this Ask a Fellow, Hematology Fellow Dr. Jennifer Teichman and Dr. Heather Vandermeulen discuss why iron deficiency is both underdiagnosed and undertreated in pregnant women. They raise salient points about equity in our health care system and provide suggestions on how to ensure women get more timely access to care for their iron deficiency.

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In this episode, Hematology fellows Dr. Jennifer Teichman and Dr. Heather Vandermeulen discuss how to diagnosis, investigate and treat iron deficiency in pregnancy. This is part 1 of a 2 part episode, so stay tuned for our next episode on how iron deficiency in pregnancy is related to inequities in our health care system. 

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In this episode, we'll discuss how to manage patients with chronic COPD. We'll go through a large variety of interventions and highlight which interventions have a symptomatic benefit and which interventions have a mortality benefit. Our guidelines are based on the GOLD COPD guidelines. Check out our associated infographic at www.theinternatwork.com. 

Written by: Dr. Shayan Kassirian (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Cory Yamashita (Respirology) and Dr. Jeffrey You (General Internal Medicine)

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This week we discuss our approach to deranged liver enzymes, the difference between liver enzymes and liver function tests, and the various patterns of abnormality. 

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Within this episode we take a deep dive into a fatal infectious disease topic- toxic shock syndrome. Written by Dr. Hosay Said, reviewed by Dr. Tim O'Shea (Infectious Diseases) and Dr. Leslie Martin (General Internal Medicine). Infographic by Rachel Ahle. 

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In this episode, we discuss the common causes and pathophysiology of one of the more ominous reasons for chest pain - aortic dissection. We'll go through clinical presentation, history and physical exam as well as provide information about the JAMA Rational Clinical Exam findings that support the diagnosis. Finally, we'll talk about management of both Type A and Type B dissections both in the acute and chronic phase. Our medicine minute tackles the ADD-RS score - when to use it, and how to interpret it when seeing a patient with a suspected aortic dissection. 

Written by: Dr. Leah Kosyakovsky (Intenral Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Stephanie Poon (Cardiology) and Dr. Steve Shumak (General Internist)
Sound editing: Nathan Doupnik
Infographic: Caitlyn Vlasschaert

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Written by: Dr. Conor Bell (Internal Medicine resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Kumran Khan (Gastroenterology) and Dr. Leslie Martin (General Internal Medicine) 
Infographic by: Lucy Lan (Medical Student)
Join us this week to learn about celiac disease ! We go deep into the pathophysiology of the disease, discuss an approach to physical examination and investigations, and finally discuss management of this common GI condition. 

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Time for some neurology! Today, we will focus on the common primary and the dangerous secondary headaches that must be ruled out when your patient has a new onset headache. 

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In this episode, we discuss one of the consequences of alcohol misuse - alcohol induced cardiomyopathy. We'll consider a broad differential to dilated cardiomyopathies, and review the history, physical exam and work-up for dilated cardiomyopathy. We'll then discuss the treatment and management of alcohol induced cardiomyopathy as well as the prognosis of individuals with this diagnosis. 

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Our first ask a fellow episode of 2021! In this episode, Dr. Melissa  Holdren (rheumatology fellow) takes us through a rare but serious rheumatological diagnosis- granulomatosis with polyangiitis. She discusses the typical signs/symptoms, an approach to diagnosis and acute and chronic management. Special guest host Dr. Jennifer D'Cruz. Infographic by Rachel Ahle. 

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In this episode we discuss acute alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. We go into the pathophysiology of EtOH intoxication, a common approach to patients with intoxication and withdrawal, and an approach to management plans. Finally, we finish off by discussing the JAMA rational clinical exam article "Will this Hospitalized Patient Develop Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome?”. Written by Dr. Nikita-Kiran Singh (internal medicine resident) and edited by Dr. Peter Wu, Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology/Toxicology specialist, and Dr. Gillian Spiegle, General Internal Medicine specialist. Infographic by Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert. 

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In this episode we take you through the presentation and approach to a patient with suspected SLE. We will discuss clinical mainfestations, investigations and management. 

Written by: Dr. Haonan Mi (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Mala Joneja (Rheumatologist) & Dr. Zijing Wu (General Internist) 
Infographic by: Shannon Gui

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In this episode we lay out an approach to diagnosis and management of pheochromocytomas. This includes work up, physical exam and peri-operative management. 

Written by: Dr. Alexandra Kobza & Dr. Olivia Cook (Internal Medicine Residents) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Zubin Punthakee (Endocrinologist) & Dr. Mohamed Panju (General Internist) 

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In this episode we take a deep dive into a rare bleeding disorder- Von Willebrand Disease! We discuss the importance of VW factor, the different types of VWD, common symptoms, pertinent investigations and an approach to management. Check out our associated infographic at www.theinternatwork.com.  

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In this Ask a Fellow episode, we talk to Clinical Associate Dr. Lisa Alexander about Type 1 DM. Learn about pump basics 101, the challenges in transitioning from pediatric to adult care, advances in monitoring Type 1 DM and more! 

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Arthritis affects over 6 million Canadians, that’s 1 in 5, and rheumatoid arthritis specifically affects as much as 1% of the population worldwide. Today's episode discusses how to differentiate RA from other degenerative processes, how to complete a detailed RA history and exam, which tests to order to aid clinical decisions, and an approach to management options! Keep listening for a history of the first "cortisone" injection. 

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This short but sweet episode takes you through the approach to understanding warm and cold hemolytic anemia, as well as what to ask on history, and appropriate investigations. 
Written by: Dr. Adam Suleman (Internal Medicine Resident
Reviewed by: Dr. Eric Tseng (Hematology) & Dr. Yuna Lee (Internal Medicine) 

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In this episode, we discuss the fundamentals of evaluating a patient with a dermatologic emergency. There are four main dermatologic emergencies that we'll cover in this podcast: Drug hypersensitivity syndrome (formerly known as DRESS), SJS/TEN, Serum sickness like reaction (SSLR) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP). We discuss management for each of the conditions - but the most important management point to take away is stop the offending drug!

Written by: Dr. Niko MacLellan
Reviewed by: Dr. Phil Doiron (Dermatology) and Dr. Daniel Brandt Vegas (GIM).

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Did you know that about 5-10% of patients with resistant hypertension have a secondary cause that is potentially curable? In this episode, we cover how to work-up a patient for secondary hypertension as well as which patients to suspect a secondary cause. Further, we discuss management of both resistant and secondary hypertension! 

Listen to our podcast on adrenal incidentalomas as an adjunct!

Written by: Dr. Claudia Frankfurter (IM resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Paula Harvey (Cardiology) and Dr. Tom MacMillan (GIM)

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In this episode, we talk about non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections - the most common of which is Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) in North America. Dr. Jessica Kapralik - Respirology Fellow, takes us through the tricky diagnosis, work-up and helps clarify when and who to treat for these often insidious infections.  

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In this episode we discuss an approach to differentiating oropharyngeal from esophageal dysphagia, as well as appropriate investigations and management options. We also cover data on the safety of PPIs and discuss their indications!
Written by: Dr. Peter Wang (Internal Medicine Resident), reviewed by: Dr. David Reed
(Gastroenterologist) and Dr. Stephen Gauthier (General Internist).

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Join us this week to learn about a deadly blood stream infection - candidemia. We go over the basic microbiology of candida and cover a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to your patient with candidemia. Written by Dr. Nischal Ranganath (internal medicine resident) and reviewed by Dr. Zain Chagla (Infectious Disease Specialist) and Dr. Leslie Martin (General Internal Medicine). 

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What happens when you find a mass lesion on the adrenal gland? We've got answers in in this episode! Dr. Shirley Shuster walks us through the diagnosis, work-up and treatment for an incidentally found adrenal mass. 

Podcast written by: Dr. Shirley Shuster (Internal Medicine resident), and reviewed by Dr. Joshua Lakoff (Endocrinologist) and Dr. Steven Montague (General Internist)

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Today we take you through our approach to hyper and hypophosphatemia - diagnosis, workup, management, we've got it all! 

This episode was written by: Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Matt Lanktree (Nephrologist), Dr. Rachel Holden (Nephrologist), and Dr. Steven Montague (General Internist) 

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Part 2 of our Transitioning to SMR episodes! We're still answering some of your questions from twitter, but also answering some questions that we had when we were going into our second year of internal medicine residency. What do you do when you don't know what to do overnight? What's your best tip for choosing a specialty? How do you maintain wellness? And finally, what our executive board is most looking forward to as they transition to their next stage in medicine!

First released: June 28, 2020

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In this episode, we answer your questions about becoming a senior medical resident! Transitioning to your PGY2 year can be daunting, exciting, overwhelming and fun all at once, and we're here to give you some tried and true tips from our executive team to yours. How do I manage many emergency consults at once? How do I incorporate teaching into my day? How do I supervise juniors and avoid being a helicopter parent? We're here to help. Part 2 to be released next week!

Released June 21, 2020

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Originally released in June 2019. 
For our newest interns at work, this is our second Q&A podcast as a follow-up to part 1. 
You asked us some questions and we answered!
We answer questions about rounding on a team you don't know, attending to an unresponsive patient, a lot about code blues and more!

Good luck to our newest doctors on the ward, we're rooting for you!

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Originally released in June 2019. 
For our newest interns at work, this podcast is for you!
You asked us some questions and we answered!
As residents, we talk about resources we like, how to get involved in research and thinking about the subspecialty match as you guys start your newest journey as Internal Medicine residents. 

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Join us on our GIM ask a fellow episode where we discuss VTE in pregnancy with Dr. Amanda Huynh and Dr. Jessica Huynh! We cover several guidelines such as Thrombosis Canada and SOGC and discuss everything from incidence of DVT/PE in pregnancy, to risk factors, to diagnosis and management! 

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Take a listen to our first obstetric medicine episode where we discuss gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Did you know that women who have preeclampsia will have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular complications later in life? 

This episode was written by Dr. Stephanie Chan (internal medicine resident) and reviewed by Dr. Lisa Nguyen (General Internal Medicine) and Dr. Steven Montague (General Internal Medicine).  

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In this episode we cover your approach to the patient with Parkinson's Disease. We discuss key features on history, as well as a focused examination for the features key to this diagnosis. 
Written by: Dr. Olivia Geen (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Sharon Marr (Geriatrician) and Dr. John Neary (General Internist) 

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In this episode, we follow the mantra "in, shift, out!" We talk about the clinical presentation and management of hyperkalemia, and how to treat it swiftly and quickly. 

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This episode we sat down with Dr. Christine Hawkes, neurointerventional fellow to discuss clot retrieval therapy. 

We cover indications and contraindications, number needed to treat, and what to consider when approaching a patient with large vessel occlusion. 

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In this episode, we talk about congestive heart failure! From patient assessment to treatment of congestive heart failure exacerbations, we've got it covered. Ever wonder how we choose to dose diuretics? Look no further! Congestive heart failure made easy just for you. 

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In this episode we take you through the approach to a patient with tumour lysis syndrome. We explain the Cairo-Bishop scoring, and cover the treatment of all facets of the syndrome. 

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In this episode, we go through an approach to vasopressors. We talk about the physiology of the receptors they act on, and the scenarios in which we would use the 5 most common vasopressors: Norepinephrine, Vasopressin, Epinephrine, Dopamine and Phenylephrine. 

We also introduce our latest initiative Medicine Basecamp - which can be found here at www.theinternatwork.com/basecamp.

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Written by Dr. Grace Zhang (internal medicine resident)

Reviewed by  Dr. Graeme Quest (Hematopathologist)

Dr. Siddhartha Srivastava (General Internist)

Infographic by: Lucy Lan (Medical Student)

Part 2 of our blood transfusion series goes into acute and delayed transfusion reactions. From fever, to TACO to graft vs. host, we cover it all. Most importantly, ABC's, stop the transfusion, call for help, and keep the blood products and tubing to send to the blood bank! 

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Written by Dr. Grace Zhang (internal medicine resident)

Reviewed by  Dr. Graeme Quest (Hematopathologist)

Dr. Siddhartha Srivastava (General Internist)

Infographic by: Lucy Lan (Medical Student)

In this episode we go over the indications and typical uses of blood products: including red blood cells, platelets, fibrinogen, PCC and albumin. 

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Respirology Fellow Dr. Alina Blazer takes us through the management of Acute Asthma Exacerbations! This is not your COPD patient, and clinical manifestations and treatment is different for patients with asthma exacerbations. Also, we talk about long-term management and emerging therapies for asthma exacerbation prevention in the future. 

As always, extra resources and infographic available at www.theinternatwork.com

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Delirium can be a tricky diagnosis to make! In this episode, we walk you through the diagnosis, etiologies, and management of delirium. 

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In this episode, we talk about the microbiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of one of the oldest diseases in the books - Pneumonia!

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In this episode, we talk about a general approach to lymphadenopathy, with a focus on work-up and treatment for Hodgkin Lymphoma. 

Written by: Dr. Oksana Motalo (Internal Medicine Resident)
Reviewed by: Dr. Kylie Lepic (Malignant Hematologist), and Dr. John Neary (General Internist)

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In this special episode, we speak with Dr. Isaac Bogoch (Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital) about the epidemic of the novel coronavirus in 2019. This podcast was recorded on February 5, 2020 and we are seeing new information and learning more about the virus every day. Stay up-to-date with your institutional policies and the news that is coming out from reputable sources. If you need a place to start - follow Dr. Isaac Bogoch @BogochIsaac on twitter!

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Feel like your knowledge about the adrenal glands is... insufficient? In today's episode we discuss the approach to a patient with adrenal insufficiency, including primary vs secondary, work up and management. 

Written by: Dr. Hernan Franco (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Meera Luthra (Endocrinologist) and Dr. Kajenny Srivaratharajah (General Internist). 

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In this episode we sit down with Dr. Roochi Arora (Breast malignancy and melanoma fellow), who takes us through the pertinent components of an approach to breast cancer for the internist. In particular, we go through a case of a patient returning to hospital with metastatic breast cancer- how to manage her potential complications, work up of the malignancy itself, and an overview of treatment options. 

Special Guest: Dr. Emily Jackson (Internal Medicine Resident)
Host: Dr. Zahra Merali (Internal Medicine Resident)
Infographic: Shannon Gui (Medical Student)

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This episode helps us understand the concept of autoimmunity first, taking us through the complex pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis. We then discuss intestinal and extra-intestinal manifestations of the disease and an approach to the acute UC flare. 

Written by: Dr. Anthony Sandre (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Ted Xenodemetropoulos (Gastroenterologist) and Dr. Andrew Cheung (General Internist) 
Infographic by: Dr. Caitlyn Vlasschaert (Internal Medicine Resident) 

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In this episode, we cover the definition of febrile neutropenia, management, and risk stratification for inpatient vs outpatient treatment. 

Written by: Dr. Anna Whalen-Browne (Internal Medicine Resident) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Paul Barnfield (Medical Oncology) & Dr. Sara Piran (General Internal Medicine)

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This week we discuss a common E.D presentation- acute monoarthritis! First: rule out septic arthritis. Then: consider other diagnoses such as gout, seronegative arthritis and hemarthrosis. We go through the pathophysiology, diagnostic techniques and management of these common conditions. 

Written by: Dr. Teresa Semalulu (Internal Medicine Resident) and Dr. Deborah Koh (Internal Medicine Resident) 

Reviewed by: Dr. John Neary (General Internist), Dr. Mark Matsos (Rheumatology)

Infographic by: Rachel Ahle (Physician Assistant Student) 

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In this episode, we take you through the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with syncope, including common mimickers. We discuss cardiac and non-cardiac causes, and when further investigations are warranted, and more! 

Written by: Nikita Malhotra (Cardiology Fellow) 
Reviewed by: Dr. Juan Guzman (General Internist), Dr. John Neary (General Internist) and Dr. Craig Ainsworth (Cardiologist) 

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Our medical oncology fellow, Dr. Michelle Nadler, takes us through the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of treating a cancer of unknown primary. 

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This episode walks you through our approach to perioperative management, with a focus on cardiovascular risk and medications - featuring the most recent CCS guidelines! 

Written by: Dr. Jonah Himelfarb (Internal Medicine Resident) 

Reviewed by: Dr. Louise Harris (Cardiologist) and Dr. Savannah Cardew (General Internist)

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In this episode, we discuss the etiologies, clinical presentation and treatment of thrombocytosis. From reactive thrombocytosis to autonomous thrombocytosis, we talk about it all. Our medicine minute addresses a World War II era therapy that is no longer used, but might be considered for a specific population!

If you haven't already, listen to our accompanying podcast - A Paucity of Platelets, to learn about the opposite disorder - Thrombocytopenia!

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